Photodynamic Inactivation of <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness
The bacterium <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> is still one of the probable causes of waterborne diseases, causing serious respiratory illnesses. In the aquatic systems, <i>L. pneumophila</i> exists inside free-living amoebae or can form biofilms. Currently developed disinfectio...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/9095 |
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| author | Martina Mušković Iva Ćavar Andrija Lesar Martin Lončarić Nela Malatesti Ivana Gobin |
| author_facet | Martina Mušković Iva Ćavar Andrija Lesar Martin Lončarić Nela Malatesti Ivana Gobin |
| author_sort | Martina Mušković |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The bacterium <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> is still one of the probable causes of waterborne diseases, causing serious respiratory illnesses. In the aquatic systems, <i>L. pneumophila</i> exists inside free-living amoebae or can form biofilms. Currently developed disinfection methods are not sufficient for complete eradication of <i>L. pneumophila</i> biofilms in water systems of interest. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a method that results in an antimicrobial effect by using a combination of light and a photosensitizer (PS). In this work, the effect of PDI in waters of natural origin and of different hardness, as a treatment against <i>L. pneumophila</i> biofilm, was investigated. Three cationic tripyridylporphyrins, which were previously described as efficient agents against <i>L. pneumophila</i> alone, were used as PSs. We studied how differences in water hardness affect the PSs’ stability, the production of singlet oxygen, and the PDI activity on <i>L. pneumophila</i> adhesion and biofilm formation and in biofilm destruction. Amphiphilic porphyrin showed a stronger tendency for aggregation in hard and soft water, but its production of singlet oxygen was higher in comparison to tri- and tetracationic hydrophilic porphyrins that were stable in all water samples. All three studied porphyrins were shown to be effective as PDI agents against the adhesion of the <i>L. pneumophila</i> to polystyrene, against biofilm formation, and in the destruction of the formed biofilm, in their micromolar concentrations. However, a higher number of dissolved ions, i.e., water hardness, generally reduced somewhat the PDI activity of all the porphyrins at all tested biofilm growth stages. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:44:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f4754ead21df43d08cdd47f2c9869cab |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:44:25Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-f4754ead21df43d08cdd47f2c9869cab2023-11-22T08:05:22ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-08-012216909510.3390/ijms22169095Photodynamic Inactivation of <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different HardnessMartina Mušković0Iva Ćavar1Andrija Lesar2Martin Lončarić3Nela Malatesti4Ivana Gobin5Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, CroatiaBioinstitut d.o.o., R. Steinera 7, 40000 Čakovec, CroatiaPhotonics and Quantum Optics Unit, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, CroatiaDepartment of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, CroatiaThe bacterium <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> is still one of the probable causes of waterborne diseases, causing serious respiratory illnesses. In the aquatic systems, <i>L. pneumophila</i> exists inside free-living amoebae or can form biofilms. Currently developed disinfection methods are not sufficient for complete eradication of <i>L. pneumophila</i> biofilms in water systems of interest. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a method that results in an antimicrobial effect by using a combination of light and a photosensitizer (PS). In this work, the effect of PDI in waters of natural origin and of different hardness, as a treatment against <i>L. pneumophila</i> biofilm, was investigated. Three cationic tripyridylporphyrins, which were previously described as efficient agents against <i>L. pneumophila</i> alone, were used as PSs. We studied how differences in water hardness affect the PSs’ stability, the production of singlet oxygen, and the PDI activity on <i>L. pneumophila</i> adhesion and biofilm formation and in biofilm destruction. Amphiphilic porphyrin showed a stronger tendency for aggregation in hard and soft water, but its production of singlet oxygen was higher in comparison to tri- and tetracationic hydrophilic porphyrins that were stable in all water samples. All three studied porphyrins were shown to be effective as PDI agents against the adhesion of the <i>L. pneumophila</i> to polystyrene, against biofilm formation, and in the destruction of the formed biofilm, in their micromolar concentrations. However, a higher number of dissolved ions, i.e., water hardness, generally reduced somewhat the PDI activity of all the porphyrins at all tested biofilm growth stages.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/9095porphyrinsdisinfection<i>Legionella pneumophila</i>biofilmwater hardnesssinglet oxygen |
| spellingShingle | Martina Mušković Iva Ćavar Andrija Lesar Martin Lončarić Nela Malatesti Ivana Gobin Photodynamic Inactivation of <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness International Journal of Molecular Sciences porphyrins disinfection <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> biofilm water hardness singlet oxygen |
| title | Photodynamic Inactivation of <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness |
| title_full | Photodynamic Inactivation of <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness |
| title_fullStr | Photodynamic Inactivation of <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness |
| title_full_unstemmed | Photodynamic Inactivation of <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness |
| title_short | Photodynamic Inactivation of <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> Biofilm Formation by Cationic Tetra- and Tripyridylporphyrins in Waters of Different Hardness |
| title_sort | photodynamic inactivation of i legionella pneumophila i biofilm formation by cationic tetra and tripyridylporphyrins in waters of different hardness |
| topic | porphyrins disinfection <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> biofilm water hardness singlet oxygen |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/9095 |
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