Macrophages in the Inflammatory Phase following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Exogenous Ubiquitin
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. One of the most common implications of CVD is myocardial infarction (MI). Following MI, the repair of the infarcted heart occurs through three distinct, yet overlapping phases of inflammation, proliferation, and maturation...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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author | Paige L. Shook Mahipal Singh Krishna Singh |
author_facet | Paige L. Shook Mahipal Singh Krishna Singh |
author_sort | Paige L. Shook |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. One of the most common implications of CVD is myocardial infarction (MI). Following MI, the repair of the infarcted heart occurs through three distinct, yet overlapping phases of inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. Macrophages are essential to the resolution of the inflammatory phase due to their role in phagocytosis and efferocytosis. However, excessive and long-term macrophage accumulation at the area of injury and dysregulated function can induce adverse cardiac remodeling post-MI. Ubiquitin (UB) is a highly evolutionarily conserved small protein and is a normal constituent of plasma. Levels of UB are increased in the plasma during a variety of pathological conditions, including ischemic heart disease. Treatment of mice with UB associates with decreased inflammatory response and improved heart function following ischemia/reperfusion injury. This review summarizes the role of macrophages in the infarct healing process of the heart post-MI, and discusses the role of exogenous UB in myocardial remodeling post-MI and in the modulation of macrophage phenotype and function. |
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spelling | doaj.art-f4758d86f45c4a988d1625b32aad5b932023-11-19T09:39:13ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372023-09-01129125810.3390/biology12091258Macrophages in the Inflammatory Phase following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Exogenous UbiquitinPaige L. Shook0Mahipal Singh1Krishna Singh2Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USADepartment of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USADepartment of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USACardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. One of the most common implications of CVD is myocardial infarction (MI). Following MI, the repair of the infarcted heart occurs through three distinct, yet overlapping phases of inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. Macrophages are essential to the resolution of the inflammatory phase due to their role in phagocytosis and efferocytosis. However, excessive and long-term macrophage accumulation at the area of injury and dysregulated function can induce adverse cardiac remodeling post-MI. Ubiquitin (UB) is a highly evolutionarily conserved small protein and is a normal constituent of plasma. Levels of UB are increased in the plasma during a variety of pathological conditions, including ischemic heart disease. Treatment of mice with UB associates with decreased inflammatory response and improved heart function following ischemia/reperfusion injury. This review summarizes the role of macrophages in the infarct healing process of the heart post-MI, and discusses the role of exogenous UB in myocardial remodeling post-MI and in the modulation of macrophage phenotype and function.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/12/9/1258heartmyocardial infarctioninflammationmacrophageubiquitinpolarization |
spellingShingle | Paige L. Shook Mahipal Singh Krishna Singh Macrophages in the Inflammatory Phase following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Exogenous Ubiquitin Biology heart myocardial infarction inflammation macrophage ubiquitin polarization |
title | Macrophages in the Inflammatory Phase following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Exogenous Ubiquitin |
title_full | Macrophages in the Inflammatory Phase following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Exogenous Ubiquitin |
title_fullStr | Macrophages in the Inflammatory Phase following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Exogenous Ubiquitin |
title_full_unstemmed | Macrophages in the Inflammatory Phase following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Exogenous Ubiquitin |
title_short | Macrophages in the Inflammatory Phase following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Exogenous Ubiquitin |
title_sort | macrophages in the inflammatory phase following myocardial infarction role of exogenous ubiquitin |
topic | heart myocardial infarction inflammation macrophage ubiquitin polarization |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/12/9/1258 |
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