| Summary: | Introduction: The establishment of local neurosurgery training programs in Nepal has proven critical for the expansion of the discipline across the country. This paper aims to describe the evolution, current status, challenges, and future directions of academic neurosurgery in Nepal. Research question: What is the current status and international standing of academic neurosurgery in Nepal? Material and methods: Information related to growth and development in Nepal was obtained from universities and regulatory bodies in Nepal. Variables described are the current number of neurosurgeons, the number of neurosurgical centers and centers with accreditation for training, the description of existing training models, the number of graduates, and the contribution of Nepalese neurosurgeons to world literature. Results: Formal neurosurgical training started in Nepal in 1999. Of 67 hospitals with neurosurgical facilities, 10 (14.9%) are accredited. Three training models (MCh, NBMS, and FCPS) currently exist. Of 116 neurosurgeons currently practicing in the country, 47 (40.5%) are homegrown. The contribution of the Nepalese neurosurgical community to the world includes the training of the first two Maldivian neurosurgeons and an increasing presence in world neurosurgical literature. Conclusions: Although comparable to other countries with similar economies, Nepal still faces some challenges to the sustainability and further developments of Neurosurgery. Continued concerted efforts will help Nepalese neurosurgeons achieve the goal of securing self-reliance in neurosurgical education.
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