The Combined Effect of Calcium Chloride and Cement on Expansive Soil Materials
In this study, the chemical stabilization of moderately to highly plastic expansive soil using calcium chloride with added cement is introduced as an effective alternative to the conventional approaches using a single additive such as lime, cement, or a by-product of industrial processes. Using only...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-04-01
|
| Series: | Applied Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/8/4811 |
| _version_ | 1797606597631934464 |
|---|---|
| author | Abdullah Almajed Muawia Dafalla Abdullah A. Shaker |
| author_facet | Abdullah Almajed Muawia Dafalla Abdullah A. Shaker |
| author_sort | Abdullah Almajed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, the chemical stabilization of moderately to highly plastic expansive soil using calcium chloride with added cement is introduced as an effective alternative to the conventional approaches using a single additive such as lime, cement, or a by-product of industrial processes. Using only calcium chloride may lead to its leaching or dissolution over time, leaving a collapsing skeleton with weak bonds. The chemical effect produced by additives is dependent on the constituents of the stabilized soil and the curing period considered. Herein, calcium chloride concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 8% with the addition of 2% cement by dry weight of the soil were considered. The main objective of this study is to investigate the addition of a low amount of cement as a binder to improve the strength and durability of a chemically treated expansive soil. The engineering properties were investigated at 3 curing times: 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days. A laboratory investigation was carried out to investigate the effect of the addition of calcium chloride with cement on the swell potential, swell pressure, compression index, suction, and unconfined compressive strength. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) testing was conducted. The X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded to observe the mineralogy of the material. The results confirmed that calcium chloride with cement is very effective for stabilizing the expansive soil. A reduction in the swell potential by 8% and 25% and a reduction in swelling pressure by 28% and 37.4% were observed for 4% and 8% calcium chloride with cement addition. The compression index decreased with the increase in the calcium chloride content. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:17:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f4a3748ddb8d49f5baa8cbe82c7514f3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:17:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-f4a3748ddb8d49f5baa8cbe82c7514f32023-11-17T18:09:35ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-04-01138481110.3390/app13084811The Combined Effect of Calcium Chloride and Cement on Expansive Soil MaterialsAbdullah Almajed0Muawia Dafalla1Abdullah A. Shaker2Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi ArabiaIn this study, the chemical stabilization of moderately to highly plastic expansive soil using calcium chloride with added cement is introduced as an effective alternative to the conventional approaches using a single additive such as lime, cement, or a by-product of industrial processes. Using only calcium chloride may lead to its leaching or dissolution over time, leaving a collapsing skeleton with weak bonds. The chemical effect produced by additives is dependent on the constituents of the stabilized soil and the curing period considered. Herein, calcium chloride concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 8% with the addition of 2% cement by dry weight of the soil were considered. The main objective of this study is to investigate the addition of a low amount of cement as a binder to improve the strength and durability of a chemically treated expansive soil. The engineering properties were investigated at 3 curing times: 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days. A laboratory investigation was carried out to investigate the effect of the addition of calcium chloride with cement on the swell potential, swell pressure, compression index, suction, and unconfined compressive strength. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) testing was conducted. The X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded to observe the mineralogy of the material. The results confirmed that calcium chloride with cement is very effective for stabilizing the expansive soil. A reduction in the swell potential by 8% and 25% and a reduction in swelling pressure by 28% and 37.4% were observed for 4% and 8% calcium chloride with cement addition. The compression index decreased with the increase in the calcium chloride content.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/8/4811calcium chloridecementclaychemistryexpansive soil materialstabilization |
| spellingShingle | Abdullah Almajed Muawia Dafalla Abdullah A. Shaker The Combined Effect of Calcium Chloride and Cement on Expansive Soil Materials Applied Sciences calcium chloride cement clay chemistry expansive soil material stabilization |
| title | The Combined Effect of Calcium Chloride and Cement on Expansive Soil Materials |
| title_full | The Combined Effect of Calcium Chloride and Cement on Expansive Soil Materials |
| title_fullStr | The Combined Effect of Calcium Chloride and Cement on Expansive Soil Materials |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Combined Effect of Calcium Chloride and Cement on Expansive Soil Materials |
| title_short | The Combined Effect of Calcium Chloride and Cement on Expansive Soil Materials |
| title_sort | combined effect of calcium chloride and cement on expansive soil materials |
| topic | calcium chloride cement clay chemistry expansive soil material stabilization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/8/4811 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT abdullahalmajed thecombinedeffectofcalciumchlorideandcementonexpansivesoilmaterials AT muawiadafalla thecombinedeffectofcalciumchlorideandcementonexpansivesoilmaterials AT abdullahashaker thecombinedeffectofcalciumchlorideandcementonexpansivesoilmaterials AT abdullahalmajed combinedeffectofcalciumchlorideandcementonexpansivesoilmaterials AT muawiadafalla combinedeffectofcalciumchlorideandcementonexpansivesoilmaterials AT abdullahashaker combinedeffectofcalciumchlorideandcementonexpansivesoilmaterials |