Cytokine Profile of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Severe COVID-19 and Possible Therapeutic Targets
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a higher incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was observed in patients affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), leading to the delineation of a new entity named COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). A predisposition to invasive infection...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Diagnostics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/6/1364 |
| _version_ | 1827660964998152192 |
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| author | Alessandro Russo Helen Linda Morrone Salvatore Rotundo Enrico Maria Trecarichi Carlo Torti |
| author_facet | Alessandro Russo Helen Linda Morrone Salvatore Rotundo Enrico Maria Trecarichi Carlo Torti |
| author_sort | Alessandro Russo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a higher incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was observed in patients affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), leading to the delineation of a new entity named COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). A predisposition to invasive infection caused by <i>Aspergillus</i> spp. in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients can be ascribed either to the direct viral-mediated damage of the respiratory epithelium, as already observed in influenza H1N1 virus infections, or to the dysregulated immunity associated with COVID-19. This narrative review focuses on the impact of immune impairment, particularly due to cytokine dysregulation caused by <i>Aspergillus</i> spp. superinfection in COVID-19 for a more in-depth understanding of the molecular pathways implicated in CAPA. As immune competence has proven to be essential in protecting against CAPA onset, a role already threatened by SARS-CoV-2 infection itself, preventive strategies should focus on reducing factors that could further target the host immune system. We also aimed to focus on well-known and less-known risk factors for IPA in COVID-19 patients, related to the main causes of immune suppression, both virus-mediated and iatrogenic, including treatments currently indicated for COVID-19. Lastly, possible preventive strategies aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality due to CAPA could be implemented. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:00:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f4cd3c28c5da46668d1d29dfcccd13d2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4418 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:00:53Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diagnostics |
| spelling | doaj.art-f4cd3c28c5da46668d1d29dfcccd13d22023-11-23T16:16:56ZengMDPI AGDiagnostics2075-44182022-06-01126136410.3390/diagnostics12061364Cytokine Profile of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Severe COVID-19 and Possible Therapeutic TargetsAlessandro Russo0Helen Linda Morrone1Salvatore Rotundo2Enrico Maria Trecarichi3Carlo Torti4Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyInfectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyInfectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyInfectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyInfectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDuring the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a higher incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was observed in patients affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), leading to the delineation of a new entity named COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). A predisposition to invasive infection caused by <i>Aspergillus</i> spp. in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients can be ascribed either to the direct viral-mediated damage of the respiratory epithelium, as already observed in influenza H1N1 virus infections, or to the dysregulated immunity associated with COVID-19. This narrative review focuses on the impact of immune impairment, particularly due to cytokine dysregulation caused by <i>Aspergillus</i> spp. superinfection in COVID-19 for a more in-depth understanding of the molecular pathways implicated in CAPA. As immune competence has proven to be essential in protecting against CAPA onset, a role already threatened by SARS-CoV-2 infection itself, preventive strategies should focus on reducing factors that could further target the host immune system. We also aimed to focus on well-known and less-known risk factors for IPA in COVID-19 patients, related to the main causes of immune suppression, both virus-mediated and iatrogenic, including treatments currently indicated for COVID-19. Lastly, possible preventive strategies aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality due to CAPA could be implemented.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/6/1364COVID-19IPACAPAcytokinestherapy |
| spellingShingle | Alessandro Russo Helen Linda Morrone Salvatore Rotundo Enrico Maria Trecarichi Carlo Torti Cytokine Profile of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Severe COVID-19 and Possible Therapeutic Targets Diagnostics COVID-19 IPA CAPA cytokines therapy |
| title | Cytokine Profile of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Severe COVID-19 and Possible Therapeutic Targets |
| title_full | Cytokine Profile of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Severe COVID-19 and Possible Therapeutic Targets |
| title_fullStr | Cytokine Profile of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Severe COVID-19 and Possible Therapeutic Targets |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cytokine Profile of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Severe COVID-19 and Possible Therapeutic Targets |
| title_short | Cytokine Profile of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Severe COVID-19 and Possible Therapeutic Targets |
| title_sort | cytokine profile of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in severe covid 19 and possible therapeutic targets |
| topic | COVID-19 IPA CAPA cytokines therapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/6/1364 |
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