The Effectiveness of Antibiotics in Managing Bacterial Infections on Bite Sites following Snakebite Envenomation
Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a life-threatening medical emergency with a high mortality rate. Common secondary complications following SBE, such as wound infections, are significant due to their impact on worsening local tissue damage and causing systemic infection. Antivenoms are not effective t...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/3/190 |
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| author | Subramanian Senthilkumaran Anika Salim José R. Almeida Jarred Williams Pradeep Vijayakumar Angayarkanni Thirunavukarasu Markellos Alexandros Christopoulos Harry F. Williams Ponniah Thirumalaikolundusubramanian Ketan Patel Sakthivel Vaiyapuri |
| author_facet | Subramanian Senthilkumaran Anika Salim José R. Almeida Jarred Williams Pradeep Vijayakumar Angayarkanni Thirunavukarasu Markellos Alexandros Christopoulos Harry F. Williams Ponniah Thirumalaikolundusubramanian Ketan Patel Sakthivel Vaiyapuri |
| author_sort | Subramanian Senthilkumaran |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a life-threatening medical emergency with a high mortality rate. Common secondary complications following SBE, such as wound infections, are significant due to their impact on worsening local tissue damage and causing systemic infection. Antivenoms are not effective to treat wound infections following SBE. Moreover, in several rural clinical settings, broad-spectrum antibiotics are often used without clear guidelines or based on limited laboratory data, resulting in undesirable side effects and exacerbated treatment costs. Therefore, robust antibiotic strategies should be developed to tackle this critical issue. Currently, there is limited information available on the bacterial profiles of SBE-induced infections and antibiotic susceptibility. Hence, it is essential to improve the knowledge of bacterial profiles and their antibiotic sensitivity in SBE victims to develop better treatment strategies. This study aimed to address this issue by examining the bacterial profiles of SBE victims with a specific focus on Russell’s viper envenomation. The most frequently found bacteria in the bites of SBE victims were <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella</i> sp., <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. Linezolid, clindamycin, colistin, meropenem, and amikacin were some of the most effective antibiotics for commonly grown bacteria in SBE victims. Similarly, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, amoxiclave, cefixime, and tetracyclin were the least effective antibiotics for common bacteria found in the wound swabs of SBE victims. These data provide robust guidance for infection management following SBE and offer useful insights to aid in designing effective treatment protocols for SBE with serious wound infections in rural areas where laboratory facilities may not be readily available. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:49:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f4d100dab84d4c3187b817ee08fca189 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:49:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-f4d100dab84d4c3187b817ee08fca1892023-11-17T14:14:07ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512023-03-0115319010.3390/toxins15030190The Effectiveness of Antibiotics in Managing Bacterial Infections on Bite Sites following Snakebite EnvenomationSubramanian Senthilkumaran0Anika Salim1José R. Almeida2Jarred Williams3Pradeep Vijayakumar4Angayarkanni Thirunavukarasu5Markellos Alexandros Christopoulos6Harry F. Williams7Ponniah Thirumalaikolundusubramanian8Ketan Patel9Sakthivel Vaiyapuri10Manian Medical Centre, Erode 638001, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSchool of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UKSchool of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UKSchool of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UKSchool of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UKManian Medical Centre, Erode 638001, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSchool of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UKToxiven Biotech Private Limited, Coimbatore 641042, Tamil Nadu, IndiaThe Tamil Nadu Dr M.G.R Medical University, Chennai 600032, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UKSchool of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UKSnakebite envenomation (SBE) is a life-threatening medical emergency with a high mortality rate. Common secondary complications following SBE, such as wound infections, are significant due to their impact on worsening local tissue damage and causing systemic infection. Antivenoms are not effective to treat wound infections following SBE. Moreover, in several rural clinical settings, broad-spectrum antibiotics are often used without clear guidelines or based on limited laboratory data, resulting in undesirable side effects and exacerbated treatment costs. Therefore, robust antibiotic strategies should be developed to tackle this critical issue. Currently, there is limited information available on the bacterial profiles of SBE-induced infections and antibiotic susceptibility. Hence, it is essential to improve the knowledge of bacterial profiles and their antibiotic sensitivity in SBE victims to develop better treatment strategies. This study aimed to address this issue by examining the bacterial profiles of SBE victims with a specific focus on Russell’s viper envenomation. The most frequently found bacteria in the bites of SBE victims were <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella</i> sp., <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. Linezolid, clindamycin, colistin, meropenem, and amikacin were some of the most effective antibiotics for commonly grown bacteria in SBE victims. Similarly, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, amoxiclave, cefixime, and tetracyclin were the least effective antibiotics for common bacteria found in the wound swabs of SBE victims. These data provide robust guidance for infection management following SBE and offer useful insights to aid in designing effective treatment protocols for SBE with serious wound infections in rural areas where laboratory facilities may not be readily available.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/3/190antibioticsRussell’s viper<i>Daboia russelii</i>snakebite envenomationwound infectionsantibiotic sensitivity |
| spellingShingle | Subramanian Senthilkumaran Anika Salim José R. Almeida Jarred Williams Pradeep Vijayakumar Angayarkanni Thirunavukarasu Markellos Alexandros Christopoulos Harry F. Williams Ponniah Thirumalaikolundusubramanian Ketan Patel Sakthivel Vaiyapuri The Effectiveness of Antibiotics in Managing Bacterial Infections on Bite Sites following Snakebite Envenomation Toxins antibiotics Russell’s viper <i>Daboia russelii</i> snakebite envenomation wound infections antibiotic sensitivity |
| title | The Effectiveness of Antibiotics in Managing Bacterial Infections on Bite Sites following Snakebite Envenomation |
| title_full | The Effectiveness of Antibiotics in Managing Bacterial Infections on Bite Sites following Snakebite Envenomation |
| title_fullStr | The Effectiveness of Antibiotics in Managing Bacterial Infections on Bite Sites following Snakebite Envenomation |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effectiveness of Antibiotics in Managing Bacterial Infections on Bite Sites following Snakebite Envenomation |
| title_short | The Effectiveness of Antibiotics in Managing Bacterial Infections on Bite Sites following Snakebite Envenomation |
| title_sort | effectiveness of antibiotics in managing bacterial infections on bite sites following snakebite envenomation |
| topic | antibiotics Russell’s viper <i>Daboia russelii</i> snakebite envenomation wound infections antibiotic sensitivity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/3/190 |
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