Beyond the Plate: Uncovering Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Intake across Indonesian Districts
Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for the deaths of 41 million individuals every year, with 77% of them occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Among the main NCD risk factors, inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) was one of the leading causes of death in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/9/2160 |
| _version_ | 1797602065953849344 |
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| author | Ede Surya Darmawan Dian Kusuma Vetty Yulianty Permanasari Vilda Amir Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini Ika Dharmayanti |
| author_facet | Ede Surya Darmawan Dian Kusuma Vetty Yulianty Permanasari Vilda Amir Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini Ika Dharmayanti |
| author_sort | Ede Surya Darmawan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for the deaths of 41 million individuals every year, with 77% of them occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Among the main NCD risk factors, inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) was one of the leading causes of death in 2019. Our study aims to identify disparities in inadequate FV intake among adults in 514 districts. We utilized the latest Indonesian Basic Health Survey 2018 to conduct geospatial and quantitative analyses. We used the World Health Organization’s definition of inadequate FV intake, which refers to consuming less than five servings of fruit and vegetables daily. We analyzed inadequate FV intake among adults over the age of 18 years, as well as by gender and age group (including young adults 18–24 years, adults 25–59 years, and older adults 60+ years). Our study showed an alarmingly high prevalence of inadequate FV intake among adults, with 96.3% in 2018. The prevalence of inadequate FV intake drastically varied across 514 districts, ranging from 70.1% to 100%. Notable geographic and socioeconomic disparities were observed across the districts studied. Rural districts exhibited a higher prevalence of inadequate FV intake, translating to poorer diets, particularly among females and older adults, when compared to their urban counterparts. Interestingly, districts within more developed regions had poorer FV diets than those in less developed regions. Although districts with lower incomes generally had poorer FV diets, the association was not significant in multivariate analysis. However, districts with lower levels of education demonstrated poorer FV diets, especially among females, adults, and older adults. Despite its limitations, our study provides crucial insights for health policies in Indonesia and other LMICs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:10:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f4ebc0b42651437383ad27c7a51edba4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:10:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-f4ebc0b42651437383ad27c7a51edba42023-11-17T23:29:57ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432023-04-01159216010.3390/nu15092160Beyond the Plate: Uncovering Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Intake across Indonesian DistrictsEde Surya Darmawan0Dian Kusuma1Vetty Yulianty Permanasari2Vilda Amir3Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini4Ika Dharmayanti5Department of Health Administration and Policy, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, IndonesiaDepartment of Health Services Research and Management, School of Health & Psychological Sciences, City University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UKDepartment of Health Administration and Policy, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, IndonesiaCenter for Health Administration and Policy Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, IndonesiaResearch Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16915, IndonesiaResearch Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16915, IndonesiaBackground: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for the deaths of 41 million individuals every year, with 77% of them occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Among the main NCD risk factors, inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) was one of the leading causes of death in 2019. Our study aims to identify disparities in inadequate FV intake among adults in 514 districts. We utilized the latest Indonesian Basic Health Survey 2018 to conduct geospatial and quantitative analyses. We used the World Health Organization’s definition of inadequate FV intake, which refers to consuming less than five servings of fruit and vegetables daily. We analyzed inadequate FV intake among adults over the age of 18 years, as well as by gender and age group (including young adults 18–24 years, adults 25–59 years, and older adults 60+ years). Our study showed an alarmingly high prevalence of inadequate FV intake among adults, with 96.3% in 2018. The prevalence of inadequate FV intake drastically varied across 514 districts, ranging from 70.1% to 100%. Notable geographic and socioeconomic disparities were observed across the districts studied. Rural districts exhibited a higher prevalence of inadequate FV intake, translating to poorer diets, particularly among females and older adults, when compared to their urban counterparts. Interestingly, districts within more developed regions had poorer FV diets than those in less developed regions. Although districts with lower incomes generally had poorer FV diets, the association was not significant in multivariate analysis. However, districts with lower levels of education demonstrated poorer FV diets, especially among females, adults, and older adults. Despite its limitations, our study provides crucial insights for health policies in Indonesia and other LMICs.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/9/2160unhealthy dietdietary risksinequalitygeographicsocioeconomic |
| spellingShingle | Ede Surya Darmawan Dian Kusuma Vetty Yulianty Permanasari Vilda Amir Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini Ika Dharmayanti Beyond the Plate: Uncovering Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Intake across Indonesian Districts Nutrients unhealthy diet dietary risks inequality geographic socioeconomic |
| title | Beyond the Plate: Uncovering Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Intake across Indonesian Districts |
| title_full | Beyond the Plate: Uncovering Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Intake across Indonesian Districts |
| title_fullStr | Beyond the Plate: Uncovering Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Intake across Indonesian Districts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Beyond the Plate: Uncovering Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Intake across Indonesian Districts |
| title_short | Beyond the Plate: Uncovering Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Intake across Indonesian Districts |
| title_sort | beyond the plate uncovering inequalities in fruit and vegetable intake across indonesian districts |
| topic | unhealthy diet dietary risks inequality geographic socioeconomic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/9/2160 |
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