Post-heat treatment of electrochemically carburized low-carbon steel
Limited studies are available on post-heat treatment (tempering/annealing) of electrochemically carburized low-carbon steel, which can relieve internal stresses induced by the quenching process. In this study, the electrochemical carburization was carried out using the electrolyte mixture of sodiu...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
International Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC)
2023-02-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/JESE/article/view/1638 |
| _version_ | 1797894769662230528 |
|---|---|
| author | Chan On Sow Wong Min Jin Karen Saffuan Awg Bahrin Bih Lii Chua Gan Jet Hong Melvin Nancy Julius Siambun |
| author_facet | Chan On Sow Wong Min Jin Karen Saffuan Awg Bahrin Bih Lii Chua Gan Jet Hong Melvin Nancy Julius Siambun |
| author_sort | Chan On Sow |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
Limited studies are available on post-heat treatment (tempering/annealing) of electrochemically carburized low-carbon steel, which can relieve internal stresses induced by the quenching process. In this study, the electrochemical carburization was carried out using the electrolyte mixture of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl) under a CO2 gas environment and 800 °C. The samples were then quenched in either water or oil. The peak hardness of the water-quenched sample (WQ) was higher than the oil-quenched sample (OQ). Comparatively, post-heat treated (tempered and annealed) samples showed lower peak hardness compared to quenched samples. An optical microscope was used to observe microstructural changes, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine metal phases within all samples. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the martensite peak supported the stress relief in both tempered and annealed samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was applied to determine the elemental composition of as received and electrochemically carburized and quenched low-carbon steel samples. The carbon content of the WQ sample was relatively higher than the OQ sample, whereas the tempered samples showed higher carbon content compared to the annealed samples, but both were lower than for quenched samples. Electrochemical carburization increased the carbon content and improved the hardness, while the tempering or annealing process relieved internal stresses that resulted in the hardness reduction.
|
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T07:15:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f509083659094aa98d1b39dea80d3927 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1847-9286 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T07:15:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | International Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-f509083659094aa98d1b39dea80d39272023-02-25T20:45:35ZengInternational Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC)Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering1847-92862023-02-0110.5599/jese.1638Post-heat treatment of electrochemically carburized low-carbon steelChan On Sow0Wong Min Jin Karen1Saffuan Awg Bahrin2Bih Lii Chua3Gan Jet Hong Melvin4Nancy Julius Siambun5Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, MalaysiaFaculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, MalaysiaMechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, Jalan Politeknik, Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park, Kota Kinabalu 88460, Sabah, MalaysiaFaculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, MalaysiaCentre of Research in Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, MalaysiaCentre of Research in Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia Limited studies are available on post-heat treatment (tempering/annealing) of electrochemically carburized low-carbon steel, which can relieve internal stresses induced by the quenching process. In this study, the electrochemical carburization was carried out using the electrolyte mixture of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl) under a CO2 gas environment and 800 °C. The samples were then quenched in either water or oil. The peak hardness of the water-quenched sample (WQ) was higher than the oil-quenched sample (OQ). Comparatively, post-heat treated (tempered and annealed) samples showed lower peak hardness compared to quenched samples. An optical microscope was used to observe microstructural changes, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine metal phases within all samples. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the martensite peak supported the stress relief in both tempered and annealed samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was applied to determine the elemental composition of as received and electrochemically carburized and quenched low-carbon steel samples. The carbon content of the WQ sample was relatively higher than the OQ sample, whereas the tempered samples showed higher carbon content compared to the annealed samples, but both were lower than for quenched samples. Electrochemical carburization increased the carbon content and improved the hardness, while the tempering or annealing process relieved internal stresses that resulted in the hardness reduction. https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/JESE/article/view/1638Steelelectrochemical carburizationmolten saltquenching; temperingannealing |
| spellingShingle | Chan On Sow Wong Min Jin Karen Saffuan Awg Bahrin Bih Lii Chua Gan Jet Hong Melvin Nancy Julius Siambun Post-heat treatment of electrochemically carburized low-carbon steel Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering Steel electrochemical carburization molten salt quenching; tempering annealing |
| title | Post-heat treatment of electrochemically carburized low-carbon steel |
| title_full | Post-heat treatment of electrochemically carburized low-carbon steel |
| title_fullStr | Post-heat treatment of electrochemically carburized low-carbon steel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Post-heat treatment of electrochemically carburized low-carbon steel |
| title_short | Post-heat treatment of electrochemically carburized low-carbon steel |
| title_sort | post heat treatment of electrochemically carburized low carbon steel |
| topic | Steel electrochemical carburization molten salt quenching; tempering annealing |
| url | https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/JESE/article/view/1638 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chanonsow postheattreatmentofelectrochemicallycarburizedlowcarbonsteel AT wongminjinkaren postheattreatmentofelectrochemicallycarburizedlowcarbonsteel AT saffuanawgbahrin postheattreatmentofelectrochemicallycarburizedlowcarbonsteel AT bihliichua postheattreatmentofelectrochemicallycarburizedlowcarbonsteel AT ganjethongmelvin postheattreatmentofelectrochemicallycarburizedlowcarbonsteel AT nancyjuliussiambun postheattreatmentofelectrochemicallycarburizedlowcarbonsteel |