New Eco-Sustainable Feed in Aquaculture: Influence of Insect-Based Diets on the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Experimental Model Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>)
According to the concept of circular economy, insects represent good candidates as aquafeed ingredients. Nevertheless, there are some potential chemical risks linked with insect consumption. In this study, we reared the teleost <i>Danio rerio</i>, used as an experimental model, with five...
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/3/818 |
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| author | Cristina Truzzi Federico Girolametti Leonardo Giovannini Ike Olivotto Matteo Zarantoniello Giuseppe Scarponi Anna Annibaldi Silvia Illuminati |
| author_facet | Cristina Truzzi Federico Girolametti Leonardo Giovannini Ike Olivotto Matteo Zarantoniello Giuseppe Scarponi Anna Annibaldi Silvia Illuminati |
| author_sort | Cristina Truzzi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | According to the concept of circular economy, insects represent good candidates as aquafeed ingredients. Nevertheless, there are some potential chemical risks linked with insect consumption. In this study, we reared the teleost <i>Danio rerio</i>, used as an experimental model, with five experimental diets characterized by increasing levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of full-fat <i>Hermetia illucens</i> (Hi) prepupae, substituting for fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO). We investigated the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) Cd, Pb, Ni, As, and Hg in larval (20 days), juvenile (2 months), and adult (6 months) fish. Quantitative determinations of Cd, Pb, Ni, and As were made with an atomic absorption spectrometer; the total mercury content was determined by a direct mercury analyzer. The substitution of FM and FO with <i>Hermetia illucens</i> meal led to a reduction in the content of some PTEs, such as Pb, As, and Ni, in fishfeed, leading to concentrations below the legal limit of undesirable substances in animal feed. By increasing the Hi meal dietary content, we observed in the <i>Danio rerio</i> specimens an increase in Cd, Pb, and Ni content and a reduction in As content for all life stages. Moreover, a general increase in the content of Cd, Pb, Hg, and Ni from larvae to juvenile was measured, while the shift of <i>Danio rerio</i> from the juvenile to the adult stage involved a significant increase in the content of Pb, Hg, and Ni. Larvae had a reduced ability to bioaccumulate metal(loid)s compared to juveniles and adults. In conclusion, the content of PTEs in <i>Danio rerio</i> is influenced both by the type of diet administered and by the life stage of the animal itself. This research demonstrates the possibility of using Hi prepupae as an aquafeed ingredient without exposing fish to a chemical risk and, in perspective, allows applying these eco-sustainable diets for the breeding of edible fish species, without endangering human health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:29:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f50c2ce02c7c448a8d4af457f0663725 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:29:47Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f50c2ce02c7c448a8d4af457f06637252023-11-23T17:12:57ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-01-0127381810.3390/molecules27030818New Eco-Sustainable Feed in Aquaculture: Influence of Insect-Based Diets on the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Experimental Model Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>)Cristina Truzzi0Federico Girolametti1Leonardo Giovannini2Ike Olivotto3Matteo Zarantoniello4Giuseppe Scarponi5Anna Annibaldi6Silvia Illuminati7Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyIndependent Researcher, 06065 Passignano sul Trasimeno, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyAccording to the concept of circular economy, insects represent good candidates as aquafeed ingredients. Nevertheless, there are some potential chemical risks linked with insect consumption. In this study, we reared the teleost <i>Danio rerio</i>, used as an experimental model, with five experimental diets characterized by increasing levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of full-fat <i>Hermetia illucens</i> (Hi) prepupae, substituting for fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO). We investigated the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) Cd, Pb, Ni, As, and Hg in larval (20 days), juvenile (2 months), and adult (6 months) fish. Quantitative determinations of Cd, Pb, Ni, and As were made with an atomic absorption spectrometer; the total mercury content was determined by a direct mercury analyzer. The substitution of FM and FO with <i>Hermetia illucens</i> meal led to a reduction in the content of some PTEs, such as Pb, As, and Ni, in fishfeed, leading to concentrations below the legal limit of undesirable substances in animal feed. By increasing the Hi meal dietary content, we observed in the <i>Danio rerio</i> specimens an increase in Cd, Pb, and Ni content and a reduction in As content for all life stages. Moreover, a general increase in the content of Cd, Pb, Hg, and Ni from larvae to juvenile was measured, while the shift of <i>Danio rerio</i> from the juvenile to the adult stage involved a significant increase in the content of Pb, Hg, and Ni. Larvae had a reduced ability to bioaccumulate metal(loid)s compared to juveniles and adults. In conclusion, the content of PTEs in <i>Danio rerio</i> is influenced both by the type of diet administered and by the life stage of the animal itself. This research demonstrates the possibility of using Hi prepupae as an aquafeed ingredient without exposing fish to a chemical risk and, in perspective, allows applying these eco-sustainable diets for the breeding of edible fish species, without endangering human health.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/3/818<i>Hermetia illucens</i>cadmiumleadarsenicmercurynickel |
| spellingShingle | Cristina Truzzi Federico Girolametti Leonardo Giovannini Ike Olivotto Matteo Zarantoniello Giuseppe Scarponi Anna Annibaldi Silvia Illuminati New Eco-Sustainable Feed in Aquaculture: Influence of Insect-Based Diets on the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Experimental Model Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) Molecules <i>Hermetia illucens</i> cadmium lead arsenic mercury nickel |
| title | New Eco-Sustainable Feed in Aquaculture: Influence of Insect-Based Diets on the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Experimental Model Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) |
| title_full | New Eco-Sustainable Feed in Aquaculture: Influence of Insect-Based Diets on the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Experimental Model Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) |
| title_fullStr | New Eco-Sustainable Feed in Aquaculture: Influence of Insect-Based Diets on the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Experimental Model Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | New Eco-Sustainable Feed in Aquaculture: Influence of Insect-Based Diets on the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Experimental Model Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) |
| title_short | New Eco-Sustainable Feed in Aquaculture: Influence of Insect-Based Diets on the Content of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Experimental Model Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) |
| title_sort | new eco sustainable feed in aquaculture influence of insect based diets on the content of potentially toxic elements in the experimental model zebrafish i danio rerio i |
| topic | <i>Hermetia illucens</i> cadmium lead arsenic mercury nickel |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/3/818 |
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