Lornoxicam-Loaded Chitosan-Decorated Nanoemulsion: Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery
Nanoemulsions are promising drug delivery systems for the administration of poorly soluble drugs like lornoxicam (LRX) by oral or parenteral routes. Such formulations work perfectly for transdermal delivery of lornoxicam-type drugs. It has also been established that formulating such a delivery syste...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/9/1922 |
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| author | Rahman Ullah Khan Shefaat Ullah Shah Sheikh Abdur Rashid Faiza Naseem Kifayat Ullah Shah Arshad Farid Khalid Rehman Hakeem Majid Rasool Kamli Eman Hillal Althubaiti Soha A. Alamoudi |
| author_facet | Rahman Ullah Khan Shefaat Ullah Shah Sheikh Abdur Rashid Faiza Naseem Kifayat Ullah Shah Arshad Farid Khalid Rehman Hakeem Majid Rasool Kamli Eman Hillal Althubaiti Soha A. Alamoudi |
| author_sort | Rahman Ullah Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nanoemulsions are promising drug delivery systems for the administration of poorly soluble drugs like lornoxicam (LRX) by oral or parenteral routes. Such formulations work perfectly for transdermal delivery of lornoxicam-type drugs. It has also been established that formulating such a delivery system is highly dependent on the presence, type, and concentration of excipients taking part in the formulation. The inherent characteristics of nanoemulsion (NE), i.e., smaller globule size and excipient nature, facilitate the drug’s passage through skin. The current study was aimed at the development of an NE-based formulation of LRX to improve the drug solubility in vitro as well as to enhance drug skin permeation to promote therapeutic outcome in appropriate time. Spontaneous self-emulsification technique was utilized to develop optimized LRX-encapsulated NE-based formulations. ATR-FTIR spectra of the pure drug and various formulations did not show any interaction between the drug and various formulation excipients showing compatibility. Globule size for stable formulations ranged between 63–168 nm. These formulations were characterized for viscosity, surface tension, pH, drug encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and drug skin permeation studies. Chitosan-decorated optimized NE formulation of LRX showed about 58.82% cumulative drug release, showing an anomalous non-Fickian diffusion mechanism of drug release. Drug encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and skin permeation studies exhibited promising results. An appreciable drug entrapment efficiency was exhibited by optimized NE formulations LRX-6, 71.91 ± 3.17% and C-LRX, 65.25 ± 4.89%. Permeability parameters like enhancement ratio (Er), permeability constant (Kp), and steady state flux (Jss) showed higher values and exhibited good results based on formulation type. The selected promising formulation type “LRX-6” showed significantly different results as compared to other formulations (LRX-4, 5, and 7). The skin permeation property of the LRX-6 formulation was compared to similar chitosan-based formulations and was found to have better skin permeation results than chitosan-based formulations. This study clearly exhibited that an LRX-containing NE-based formulation can be formulated to form a stable drug delivery system. Such formulations are promising in terms of physicochemical characteristics, improved solubility, and high skin permeation potential. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:46:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f50ff18afd1547cebe0300cc2547b9e8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:46:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-f50ff18afd1547cebe0300cc2547b9e82023-11-23T09:08:16ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602022-05-01149192210.3390/polym14091922Lornoxicam-Loaded Chitosan-Decorated Nanoemulsion: Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation for Enhanced Transdermal DeliveryRahman Ullah Khan0Shefaat Ullah Shah1Sheikh Abdur Rashid2Faiza Naseem3Kifayat Ullah Shah4Arshad Farid5Khalid Rehman Hakeem6Majid Rasool Kamli7Eman Hillal Althubaiti8Soha A. Alamoudi9Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research, GCPS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, PakistanSkin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research, GCPS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, PakistanSkin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research, GCPS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, PakistanSkin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research, GCPS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, PakistanSkin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research, GCPS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, PakistanGomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, PakistanDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Science and Arts College, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 25726, Saudi ArabiaNanoemulsions are promising drug delivery systems for the administration of poorly soluble drugs like lornoxicam (LRX) by oral or parenteral routes. Such formulations work perfectly for transdermal delivery of lornoxicam-type drugs. It has also been established that formulating such a delivery system is highly dependent on the presence, type, and concentration of excipients taking part in the formulation. The inherent characteristics of nanoemulsion (NE), i.e., smaller globule size and excipient nature, facilitate the drug’s passage through skin. The current study was aimed at the development of an NE-based formulation of LRX to improve the drug solubility in vitro as well as to enhance drug skin permeation to promote therapeutic outcome in appropriate time. Spontaneous self-emulsification technique was utilized to develop optimized LRX-encapsulated NE-based formulations. ATR-FTIR spectra of the pure drug and various formulations did not show any interaction between the drug and various formulation excipients showing compatibility. Globule size for stable formulations ranged between 63–168 nm. These formulations were characterized for viscosity, surface tension, pH, drug encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and drug skin permeation studies. Chitosan-decorated optimized NE formulation of LRX showed about 58.82% cumulative drug release, showing an anomalous non-Fickian diffusion mechanism of drug release. Drug encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and skin permeation studies exhibited promising results. An appreciable drug entrapment efficiency was exhibited by optimized NE formulations LRX-6, 71.91 ± 3.17% and C-LRX, 65.25 ± 4.89%. Permeability parameters like enhancement ratio (Er), permeability constant (Kp), and steady state flux (Jss) showed higher values and exhibited good results based on formulation type. The selected promising formulation type “LRX-6” showed significantly different results as compared to other formulations (LRX-4, 5, and 7). The skin permeation property of the LRX-6 formulation was compared to similar chitosan-based formulations and was found to have better skin permeation results than chitosan-based formulations. This study clearly exhibited that an LRX-containing NE-based formulation can be formulated to form a stable drug delivery system. Such formulations are promising in terms of physicochemical characteristics, improved solubility, and high skin permeation potential.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/9/1922lornoxicamnanoemulsion formulationchitosanin vitro drug releaseex vivo permeationthermodynamic stability |
| spellingShingle | Rahman Ullah Khan Shefaat Ullah Shah Sheikh Abdur Rashid Faiza Naseem Kifayat Ullah Shah Arshad Farid Khalid Rehman Hakeem Majid Rasool Kamli Eman Hillal Althubaiti Soha A. Alamoudi Lornoxicam-Loaded Chitosan-Decorated Nanoemulsion: Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery Polymers lornoxicam nanoemulsion formulation chitosan in vitro drug release ex vivo permeation thermodynamic stability |
| title | Lornoxicam-Loaded Chitosan-Decorated Nanoemulsion: Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery |
| title_full | Lornoxicam-Loaded Chitosan-Decorated Nanoemulsion: Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery |
| title_fullStr | Lornoxicam-Loaded Chitosan-Decorated Nanoemulsion: Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lornoxicam-Loaded Chitosan-Decorated Nanoemulsion: Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery |
| title_short | Lornoxicam-Loaded Chitosan-Decorated Nanoemulsion: Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery |
| title_sort | lornoxicam loaded chitosan decorated nanoemulsion preparation and in vitro evaluation for enhanced transdermal delivery |
| topic | lornoxicam nanoemulsion formulation chitosan in vitro drug release ex vivo permeation thermodynamic stability |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/9/1922 |
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