Extrapulmonary Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review
Yurong Xiang,1,* Xiaobin Luo2,* 1School of Medical and Life Science, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, 629000, Pe...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Dove Medical Press
2024-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of COPD |
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| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/extrapulmonary-comorbidities-associated-with-chronic-obstructive-pulmo-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD |
| _version_ | 1797279431051444224 |
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| author | Xiang Y Luo X |
| author_facet | Xiang Y Luo X |
| author_sort | Xiang Y |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Yurong Xiang,1,* Xiaobin Luo2,* 1School of Medical and Life Science, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, 629000, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xiaobin Luo, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, 629000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-18008258560, Email lxb19720923@163.comAbstract: Most patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) suffer from at least one additional, clinically relevant chronic disease. To a degree, the high global prevalence and mortality rate of COPD is closely related to its extrapulmonary effects. Moreover, the various of comorbidities of COPD and itself interact with each other, resulting in diverse clinical manifestations and individual differences, and thus further influencing the prognosis as well as healthcare burden of COPD patients. This is closely related to the common risk factors of chronic diseases (aging, smoking, inactivity, etc.). Additionally, some pathophysiological mechanisms caused by COPD, including the systemic inflammatory response, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and others, also have an impact on other systems. But comprehensive management and medical interventions have not yet been established. The clinicians should improve their knowledge and skills in diagnosing as well as treating the comorbidities of COPD, and then aim to develop more individualized, efficient diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for different patients to achieve greater clinical benefits. In this article, we will review the risk factors, mechanisms, and treatment strategies for extrapulmonary comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, anemia, osteoporosis, emotional disorders, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, comorbidity, risk factors, therapeutics |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T16:25:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f567f32ebd5b4db9b803ea9eecba481b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1178-2005 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T16:25:14Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of COPD |
| spelling | doaj.art-f567f32ebd5b4db9b803ea9eecba481b2024-03-03T18:36:47ZengDove Medical PressInternational Journal of COPD1178-20052024-02-01Volume 1956757890814Extrapulmonary Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A ReviewXiang YLuo XYurong Xiang,1,* Xiaobin Luo2,* 1School of Medical and Life Science, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, 629000, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xiaobin Luo, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, 629000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-18008258560, Email lxb19720923@163.comAbstract: Most patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) suffer from at least one additional, clinically relevant chronic disease. To a degree, the high global prevalence and mortality rate of COPD is closely related to its extrapulmonary effects. Moreover, the various of comorbidities of COPD and itself interact with each other, resulting in diverse clinical manifestations and individual differences, and thus further influencing the prognosis as well as healthcare burden of COPD patients. This is closely related to the common risk factors of chronic diseases (aging, smoking, inactivity, etc.). Additionally, some pathophysiological mechanisms caused by COPD, including the systemic inflammatory response, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and others, also have an impact on other systems. But comprehensive management and medical interventions have not yet been established. The clinicians should improve their knowledge and skills in diagnosing as well as treating the comorbidities of COPD, and then aim to develop more individualized, efficient diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for different patients to achieve greater clinical benefits. In this article, we will review the risk factors, mechanisms, and treatment strategies for extrapulmonary comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, anemia, osteoporosis, emotional disorders, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, comorbidity, risk factors, therapeuticshttps://www.dovepress.com/extrapulmonary-comorbidities-associated-with-chronic-obstructive-pulmo-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPDchronic obstructive pulmonary diseasecomorbidityrisk factorstherapeutics |
| spellingShingle | Xiang Y Luo X Extrapulmonary Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review International Journal of COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comorbidity risk factors therapeutics |
| title | Extrapulmonary Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review |
| title_full | Extrapulmonary Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Extrapulmonary Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extrapulmonary Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review |
| title_short | Extrapulmonary Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review |
| title_sort | extrapulmonary comorbidities associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a review |
| topic | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comorbidity risk factors therapeutics |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/extrapulmonary-comorbidities-associated-with-chronic-obstructive-pulmo-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD |
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