Association of <i>Phytophthora</i> with Declining Vegetation in an Urban Forest Environment
Urban forests consist of various environments from intensely managed spaces to conservation areas and are often reservoirs of a diverse range of invasive pathogens due to their introduction through the nursery trade. Pathogens are likely to persist because the urban forest contains a mixture of nati...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/7/973 |
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| author | Mohammed Y. Khdiar Paul A. Barber Giles E. StJ. Hardy Chris Shaw Emma J. Steel Cameron McMains Treena I. Burgess |
| author_facet | Mohammed Y. Khdiar Paul A. Barber Giles E. StJ. Hardy Chris Shaw Emma J. Steel Cameron McMains Treena I. Burgess |
| author_sort | Mohammed Y. Khdiar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Urban forests consist of various environments from intensely managed spaces to conservation areas and are often reservoirs of a diverse range of invasive pathogens due to their introduction through the nursery trade. Pathogens are likely to persist because the urban forest contains a mixture of native and exotic plant species, and the environmental conditions are often less than ideal for the trees. To test the impact of different land management approaches on the <i>Phytophthora</i> community, 236 discrete soil and root samples were collected from declining trees in 91 parks and nature reserves in Joondalup, Western Australia (WA). Sampling targeted an extensive variety of declining native trees and shrubs, from families known to be susceptible to <i>Phytophthora</i>. A sub-sample was set aside and DNA extracted for metabarcoding using <i>Phytophthora</i>-specific primers; the remaining soil and root sample was baited for the isolation of <i>Phytophthora.</i> We considered the effect on the <i>Phytophthora</i> community of park class and area, soil family, and the change in canopy cover or health as determined through sequential measurements using remote sensing. Of the 236 samples, baiting techniques detected <i>Phytophthora</i> species from 24 samples (18 parks), while metabarcoding detected <i>Phytophthora</i> from 168 samples (64 parks). Overall, forty-four <i>Phytophthora</i> phylotypes were detected. Considering only sampling sites where <i>Phytophthora</i> was detected, species richness averaged 5.82 (range 1–21) for samples and 9.23 (range 2–24) for parks. <i>Phytophthora multivora</i> was the most frequently found species followed by <i>P. arenaria</i>, <i>P. amnicola</i> and <i>P. cinnamomi.</i> While park area and canopy cover had a significant effect on <i>Phytophthora</i> community the R<sup>2</sup> values were very low, indicating they have had little effect in shaping the community. <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> and <i>P. multivora,</i> the two most invasive species, often co-occurring (61% of samples); however, the communities with <i>P. multivora</i> were more common than those with <i>P. cinnamomi</i>, reflecting observations over the past decade of the increasing importance of <i>P. multivora</i> as a pathogen in the urban environment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:48:56Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:48:56Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f59ec1765a964f689a852c7f6a3de2142023-11-20T05:20:03ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072020-06-018797310.3390/microorganisms8070973Association of <i>Phytophthora</i> with Declining Vegetation in an Urban Forest EnvironmentMohammed Y. Khdiar0Paul A. Barber1Giles E. StJ. Hardy2Chris Shaw3Emma J. Steel4Cameron McMains5Treena I. Burgess6Phytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, AustraliaPhytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, AustraliaPhytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, AustraliaPhytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, AustraliaPhytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, AustraliaPhytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, AustraliaPhytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, AustraliaUrban forests consist of various environments from intensely managed spaces to conservation areas and are often reservoirs of a diverse range of invasive pathogens due to their introduction through the nursery trade. Pathogens are likely to persist because the urban forest contains a mixture of native and exotic plant species, and the environmental conditions are often less than ideal for the trees. To test the impact of different land management approaches on the <i>Phytophthora</i> community, 236 discrete soil and root samples were collected from declining trees in 91 parks and nature reserves in Joondalup, Western Australia (WA). Sampling targeted an extensive variety of declining native trees and shrubs, from families known to be susceptible to <i>Phytophthora</i>. A sub-sample was set aside and DNA extracted for metabarcoding using <i>Phytophthora</i>-specific primers; the remaining soil and root sample was baited for the isolation of <i>Phytophthora.</i> We considered the effect on the <i>Phytophthora</i> community of park class and area, soil family, and the change in canopy cover or health as determined through sequential measurements using remote sensing. Of the 236 samples, baiting techniques detected <i>Phytophthora</i> species from 24 samples (18 parks), while metabarcoding detected <i>Phytophthora</i> from 168 samples (64 parks). Overall, forty-four <i>Phytophthora</i> phylotypes were detected. Considering only sampling sites where <i>Phytophthora</i> was detected, species richness averaged 5.82 (range 1–21) for samples and 9.23 (range 2–24) for parks. <i>Phytophthora multivora</i> was the most frequently found species followed by <i>P. arenaria</i>, <i>P. amnicola</i> and <i>P. cinnamomi.</i> While park area and canopy cover had a significant effect on <i>Phytophthora</i> community the R<sup>2</sup> values were very low, indicating they have had little effect in shaping the community. <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> and <i>P. multivora,</i> the two most invasive species, often co-occurring (61% of samples); however, the communities with <i>P. multivora</i> were more common than those with <i>P. cinnamomi</i>, reflecting observations over the past decade of the increasing importance of <i>P. multivora</i> as a pathogen in the urban environment.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/7/973metabarcodingbridgehead effectbiological invasionsremote sensing |
| spellingShingle | Mohammed Y. Khdiar Paul A. Barber Giles E. StJ. Hardy Chris Shaw Emma J. Steel Cameron McMains Treena I. Burgess Association of <i>Phytophthora</i> with Declining Vegetation in an Urban Forest Environment Microorganisms metabarcoding bridgehead effect biological invasions remote sensing |
| title | Association of <i>Phytophthora</i> with Declining Vegetation in an Urban Forest Environment |
| title_full | Association of <i>Phytophthora</i> with Declining Vegetation in an Urban Forest Environment |
| title_fullStr | Association of <i>Phytophthora</i> with Declining Vegetation in an Urban Forest Environment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Association of <i>Phytophthora</i> with Declining Vegetation in an Urban Forest Environment |
| title_short | Association of <i>Phytophthora</i> with Declining Vegetation in an Urban Forest Environment |
| title_sort | association of i phytophthora i with declining vegetation in an urban forest environment |
| topic | metabarcoding bridgehead effect biological invasions remote sensing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/7/973 |
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