Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Salt-Tolerance Pathways in the Leaves and Roots of ZM-4 (<i>Malus zumi</i>) in the Early Stages of Salt Stress
The breeding of salt-tolerant rootstock relies heavily on the availability of salt-tolerant <i>Malus</i> germplasm resources. The first step in developing salt-tolerant resources is to learn their molecular and metabolic underpinnings. Hydroponic seedlings of both ZM-4 (salt-tolerant res...
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2023-02-01
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author | Dajiang Wang Kun Wang Simiao Sun Peng Yan Xiang Lu Zhao Liu Qingshan Li Lianwen Li Yuan Gao Jihong Liu |
author_facet | Dajiang Wang Kun Wang Simiao Sun Peng Yan Xiang Lu Zhao Liu Qingshan Li Lianwen Li Yuan Gao Jihong Liu |
author_sort | Dajiang Wang |
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description | The breeding of salt-tolerant rootstock relies heavily on the availability of salt-tolerant <i>Malus</i> germplasm resources. The first step in developing salt-tolerant resources is to learn their molecular and metabolic underpinnings. Hydroponic seedlings of both ZM-4 (salt-tolerant resource) and M9T337 (salt-sensitive rootstock) were treated with a solution of 75 mM salinity. ZM-4’s fresh weight increased, then decreased, and then increased again after being treated with NaCl, whereas M9T337′s fresh weight continued to decrease. The results of transcriptome and metabolome after 0 h (CK) and 24 h of NaCl treatment showed that the leaves of ZM-4 had a higher content of flavonoids (phloretinm, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, epiafzelechin, etc.) and the genes (<i>CHI</i>, <i>CYP</i>, <i>FLS</i>, <i>LAR</i>, and <i>ANR</i>) related to the flavonoid synthesis pathway showed up-regulation, suggesting a high antioxidant capacity. In addition to the high polyphenol content (L-phenylalanine, 5-O-p-coumaroyl quinic acid) and the high related gene expression (<i>4CLL9</i> and <i>SAT</i>), the roots of ZM-4 exhibited a high osmotic adjustment ability. Under normal growing conditions, the roots of ZM-4 contained a higher content of some amino acids (L-proline, tran-4-hydroxy-L-prolin, L-glutamine, etc.) and sugars (D−fructose 6−phosphate, D−glucose 6−phosphate, etc.), and the genes (<i>GLT1</i>, <i>BAM7</i>, <i>INV1</i>, etc.) related to these two pathways were highly expressed. Furthermore, some amino acids (S-(methyl) glutathione, N-methyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, etc.) and sugars (D-sucrose, maltotriose, etc.) increased and genes (<i>ALD1</i>, <i>BCAT1</i>, <i>AMY1.1</i>, etc.) related to the pathways showed up-regulation under salt stress. This research provided theoretical support for the application of breeding salt-tolerant rootstocks by elucidating the molecular and metabolic mechanisms of salt tolerance during the early stages of salt treatment for ZM-4. |
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spelling | doaj.art-f5b2f6368c734bbf834d3a0d26d4f7a72023-11-16T21:02:54ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-02-01244363810.3390/ijms24043638Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Salt-Tolerance Pathways in the Leaves and Roots of ZM-4 (<i>Malus zumi</i>) in the Early Stages of Salt StressDajiang Wang0Kun Wang1Simiao Sun2Peng Yan3Xiang Lu4Zhao Liu5Qingshan Li6Lianwen Li7Yuan Gao8Jihong Liu9Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaNational Repository of Apple Germplasm Resources, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Xingcheng 125100, ChinaNational Repository of Apple Germplasm Resources, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Xingcheng 125100, ChinaInstitute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 403 Nanchang Road, Urumqi 830091, ChinaXinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaXinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaXinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaNational Repository of Apple Germplasm Resources, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Xingcheng 125100, ChinaNational Repository of Apple Germplasm Resources, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Horticulture Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Xingcheng 125100, ChinaXinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Agricultural College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, ChinaThe breeding of salt-tolerant rootstock relies heavily on the availability of salt-tolerant <i>Malus</i> germplasm resources. The first step in developing salt-tolerant resources is to learn their molecular and metabolic underpinnings. Hydroponic seedlings of both ZM-4 (salt-tolerant resource) and M9T337 (salt-sensitive rootstock) were treated with a solution of 75 mM salinity. ZM-4’s fresh weight increased, then decreased, and then increased again after being treated with NaCl, whereas M9T337′s fresh weight continued to decrease. The results of transcriptome and metabolome after 0 h (CK) and 24 h of NaCl treatment showed that the leaves of ZM-4 had a higher content of flavonoids (phloretinm, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, epiafzelechin, etc.) and the genes (<i>CHI</i>, <i>CYP</i>, <i>FLS</i>, <i>LAR</i>, and <i>ANR</i>) related to the flavonoid synthesis pathway showed up-regulation, suggesting a high antioxidant capacity. In addition to the high polyphenol content (L-phenylalanine, 5-O-p-coumaroyl quinic acid) and the high related gene expression (<i>4CLL9</i> and <i>SAT</i>), the roots of ZM-4 exhibited a high osmotic adjustment ability. Under normal growing conditions, the roots of ZM-4 contained a higher content of some amino acids (L-proline, tran-4-hydroxy-L-prolin, L-glutamine, etc.) and sugars (D−fructose 6−phosphate, D−glucose 6−phosphate, etc.), and the genes (<i>GLT1</i>, <i>BAM7</i>, <i>INV1</i>, etc.) related to these two pathways were highly expressed. Furthermore, some amino acids (S-(methyl) glutathione, N-methyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, etc.) and sugars (D-sucrose, maltotriose, etc.) increased and genes (<i>ALD1</i>, <i>BCAT1</i>, <i>AMY1.1</i>, etc.) related to the pathways showed up-regulation under salt stress. This research provided theoretical support for the application of breeding salt-tolerant rootstocks by elucidating the molecular and metabolic mechanisms of salt tolerance during the early stages of salt treatment for ZM-4.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/4/3638integrated analysis<i>Malus</i>molecular mechanismsalt tolerance |
spellingShingle | Dajiang Wang Kun Wang Simiao Sun Peng Yan Xiang Lu Zhao Liu Qingshan Li Lianwen Li Yuan Gao Jihong Liu Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Salt-Tolerance Pathways in the Leaves and Roots of ZM-4 (<i>Malus zumi</i>) in the Early Stages of Salt Stress International Journal of Molecular Sciences integrated analysis <i>Malus</i> molecular mechanism salt tolerance |
title | Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Salt-Tolerance Pathways in the Leaves and Roots of ZM-4 (<i>Malus zumi</i>) in the Early Stages of Salt Stress |
title_full | Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Salt-Tolerance Pathways in the Leaves and Roots of ZM-4 (<i>Malus zumi</i>) in the Early Stages of Salt Stress |
title_fullStr | Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Salt-Tolerance Pathways in the Leaves and Roots of ZM-4 (<i>Malus zumi</i>) in the Early Stages of Salt Stress |
title_full_unstemmed | Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Salt-Tolerance Pathways in the Leaves and Roots of ZM-4 (<i>Malus zumi</i>) in the Early Stages of Salt Stress |
title_short | Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Salt-Tolerance Pathways in the Leaves and Roots of ZM-4 (<i>Malus zumi</i>) in the Early Stages of Salt Stress |
title_sort | transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals salt tolerance pathways in the leaves and roots of zm 4 i malus zumi i in the early stages of salt stress |
topic | integrated analysis <i>Malus</i> molecular mechanism salt tolerance |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/4/3638 |
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