A Review of 3D Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Principles, Fabrication Techniques, Immunomodulatory Roles, and Challenges
Over the last few years, biopolymers have attracted great interest in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to the great diversity of their chemical, mechanical, and physical properties for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds. This review is devoted to recent advances in synthetic and natural...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Bioengineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/2/204 |
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| author | Ahmed G. Abdelaziz Hassan Nageh Sara M. Abdo Mohga S. Abdalla Asmaa A. Amer Abdalla Abdal-hay Ahmed Barhoum |
| author_facet | Ahmed G. Abdelaziz Hassan Nageh Sara M. Abdo Mohga S. Abdalla Asmaa A. Amer Abdalla Abdal-hay Ahmed Barhoum |
| author_sort | Ahmed G. Abdelaziz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Over the last few years, biopolymers have attracted great interest in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to the great diversity of their chemical, mechanical, and physical properties for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds. This review is devoted to recent advances in synthetic and natural polymeric 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) and regenerative therapies. The review comprehensively discusses the implications of biological macromolecules, structure, and composition of polymeric scaffolds used in BTE. Various approaches to fabricating 3D BTE scaffolds are discussed, including solvent casting and particle leaching, freeze-drying, thermally induced phase separation, gas foaming, electrospinning, and sol–gel techniques. Rapid prototyping technologies such as stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and 3D bioprinting are also covered. The immunomodulatory roles of polymeric scaffolds utilized for BTE applications are discussed. In addition, the features and challenges of 3D polymer scaffolds fabricated using advanced additive manufacturing technologies (rapid prototyping) are addressed and compared to conventional subtractive manufacturing techniques. Finally, the challenges of applying scaffold-based BTE treatments in practice are discussed in-depth. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:09:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f5bda1dc63a545a9b9802a56bdf97f2f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2306-5354 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:09:31Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-f5bda1dc63a545a9b9802a56bdf97f2f2023-11-16T19:11:07ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542023-02-0110220410.3390/bioengineering10020204A Review of 3D Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Principles, Fabrication Techniques, Immunomodulatory Roles, and ChallengesAhmed G. Abdelaziz0Hassan Nageh1Sara M. Abdo2Mohga S. Abdalla3Asmaa A. Amer4Abdalla Abdal-hay5Ahmed Barhoum6Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, EgyptNanotechnology Research Centre (NTRC), The British University in Egypt, Cairo 11837, EgyptBiochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, EgyptBiochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, EgyptDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, EgyptDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83523, EgyptSchool of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 Y074 Dublin, IrelandOver the last few years, biopolymers have attracted great interest in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to the great diversity of their chemical, mechanical, and physical properties for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds. This review is devoted to recent advances in synthetic and natural polymeric 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) and regenerative therapies. The review comprehensively discusses the implications of biological macromolecules, structure, and composition of polymeric scaffolds used in BTE. Various approaches to fabricating 3D BTE scaffolds are discussed, including solvent casting and particle leaching, freeze-drying, thermally induced phase separation, gas foaming, electrospinning, and sol–gel techniques. Rapid prototyping technologies such as stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and 3D bioprinting are also covered. The immunomodulatory roles of polymeric scaffolds utilized for BTE applications are discussed. In addition, the features and challenges of 3D polymer scaffolds fabricated using advanced additive manufacturing technologies (rapid prototyping) are addressed and compared to conventional subtractive manufacturing techniques. Finally, the challenges of applying scaffold-based BTE treatments in practice are discussed in-depth.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/2/204tissue engineering and regenerative medicinebiopolymersnanofabrication techniquesadditive manufacturingrapid prototypingcustomized therapy 3D scaffolds |
| spellingShingle | Ahmed G. Abdelaziz Hassan Nageh Sara M. Abdo Mohga S. Abdalla Asmaa A. Amer Abdalla Abdal-hay Ahmed Barhoum A Review of 3D Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Principles, Fabrication Techniques, Immunomodulatory Roles, and Challenges Bioengineering tissue engineering and regenerative medicine biopolymers nanofabrication techniques additive manufacturing rapid prototyping customized therapy 3D scaffolds |
| title | A Review of 3D Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Principles, Fabrication Techniques, Immunomodulatory Roles, and Challenges |
| title_full | A Review of 3D Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Principles, Fabrication Techniques, Immunomodulatory Roles, and Challenges |
| title_fullStr | A Review of 3D Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Principles, Fabrication Techniques, Immunomodulatory Roles, and Challenges |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review of 3D Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Principles, Fabrication Techniques, Immunomodulatory Roles, and Challenges |
| title_short | A Review of 3D Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Principles, Fabrication Techniques, Immunomodulatory Roles, and Challenges |
| title_sort | review of 3d polymeric scaffolds for bone tissue engineering principles fabrication techniques immunomodulatory roles and challenges |
| topic | tissue engineering and regenerative medicine biopolymers nanofabrication techniques additive manufacturing rapid prototyping customized therapy 3D scaffolds |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/2/204 |
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