Influence of Skin Phototype on the Level of Pain Perceived by Patients Receiving Enoxaparin: A Cross-Sectional Study
Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) is commonly used as an antithrombotic in patients with reduced mobility. Its administration is performed by invasive technique (injections) that can cause pain: (1) Background: Pain and bruising are the most common side effects in patients treated with LMWH, but t...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Nursing Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4403/12/4/92 |
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| author | Candelaria de la Merced Díaz-González Josefa María Ramal-López Juan José González-Henríquez Milagros de la Rosa-Hormiga |
| author_facet | Candelaria de la Merced Díaz-González Josefa María Ramal-López Juan José González-Henríquez Milagros de la Rosa-Hormiga |
| author_sort | Candelaria de la Merced Díaz-González |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) is commonly used as an antithrombotic in patients with reduced mobility. Its administration is performed by invasive technique (injections) that can cause pain: (1) Background: Pain and bruising are the most common side effects in patients treated with LMWH, but the skin phototype (PT) has never been included; (2) Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study, developed in the Hospital Unit of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery over one year. To classify all participants in the sample considering their skin PT and the different pain levels “during” and “after” the administration of enoxaparin. The STROBE checklist was used to evaluate the study. Data analyses were carried out: descriptive statistical analysis and analysis of Variance ANOVA of a non-parametric factor; (3) Results: The sample was 202 participants. The most frequent skin PTs were PT II 43.6% and PT III 33.2%. Mean pain after injection (1.96) was greater than pain during injection (1.4). Better natural protection against sunlight (high PT) would indicate greater post-injection pain; (4) Conclusions: Participants with a medium-high phototype (≥III) perceive a greater pain sensation than participants with a low phototype (≤II) after the administration of enoxaparin. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:00:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f5c37f2cd4294d5797935b945c858593 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2039-439X 2039-4403 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:00:51Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nursing Reports |
| spelling | doaj.art-f5c37f2cd4294d5797935b945c8585932023-11-24T17:07:02ZengMDPI AGNursing Reports2039-439X2039-44032022-12-0112495896710.3390/nursrep12040092Influence of Skin Phototype on the Level of Pain Perceived by Patients Receiving Enoxaparin: A Cross-Sectional StudyCandelaria de la Merced Díaz-González0Josefa María Ramal-López1Juan José González-Henríquez2Milagros de la Rosa-Hormiga3Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Juan de Quesada, 30, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainDepartment of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Juan de Quesada, 30, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Juan de Quesada, 30, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainDepartment of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Juan de Quesada, 30, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainLow Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) is commonly used as an antithrombotic in patients with reduced mobility. Its administration is performed by invasive technique (injections) that can cause pain: (1) Background: Pain and bruising are the most common side effects in patients treated with LMWH, but the skin phototype (PT) has never been included; (2) Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study, developed in the Hospital Unit of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery over one year. To classify all participants in the sample considering their skin PT and the different pain levels “during” and “after” the administration of enoxaparin. The STROBE checklist was used to evaluate the study. Data analyses were carried out: descriptive statistical analysis and analysis of Variance ANOVA of a non-parametric factor; (3) Results: The sample was 202 participants. The most frequent skin PTs were PT II 43.6% and PT III 33.2%. Mean pain after injection (1.96) was greater than pain during injection (1.4). Better natural protection against sunlight (high PT) would indicate greater post-injection pain; (4) Conclusions: Participants with a medium-high phototype (≥III) perceive a greater pain sensation than participants with a low phototype (≤II) after the administration of enoxaparin.https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4403/12/4/92skinphototypepainlow molecular weight heparin |
| spellingShingle | Candelaria de la Merced Díaz-González Josefa María Ramal-López Juan José González-Henríquez Milagros de la Rosa-Hormiga Influence of Skin Phototype on the Level of Pain Perceived by Patients Receiving Enoxaparin: A Cross-Sectional Study Nursing Reports skin phototype pain low molecular weight heparin |
| title | Influence of Skin Phototype on the Level of Pain Perceived by Patients Receiving Enoxaparin: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full | Influence of Skin Phototype on the Level of Pain Perceived by Patients Receiving Enoxaparin: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Skin Phototype on the Level of Pain Perceived by Patients Receiving Enoxaparin: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Skin Phototype on the Level of Pain Perceived by Patients Receiving Enoxaparin: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_short | Influence of Skin Phototype on the Level of Pain Perceived by Patients Receiving Enoxaparin: A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_sort | influence of skin phototype on the level of pain perceived by patients receiving enoxaparin a cross sectional study |
| topic | skin phototype pain low molecular weight heparin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4403/12/4/92 |
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