Light and CO<sub>2</sub> Modulate the Accumulation and Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Barley Leaves
Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) accumulates phenolic compounds (PhCs), which play a key role in plant defense against environmental stressors as antioxidants or UV screening compounds. The influence of light and atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration ([CO<sub>2</su...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/3/385 |
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| author | Lena Hunt Karel Klem Zuzana Lhotáková Stanislav Vosolsobě Michal Oravec Otmar Urban Vladimír Špunda Jana Albrechtová |
| author_facet | Lena Hunt Karel Klem Zuzana Lhotáková Stanislav Vosolsobě Michal Oravec Otmar Urban Vladimír Špunda Jana Albrechtová |
| author_sort | Lena Hunt |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) accumulates phenolic compounds (PhCs), which play a key role in plant defense against environmental stressors as antioxidants or UV screening compounds. The influence of light and atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration ([CO<sub>2</sub>]) on the accumulation and localization of PhCs in barley leaves was examined for two varieties with different tolerances to oxidative stress. PhC localization was visualized in vivo using fluorescence microscopy. Close relationships were found between fluorescence-determined localization of PhCs in barley leaves and PhC content estimated using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy detection. Light intensity had the strongest effect on the accumulation of PhCs, but the total PhC content was similar at elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>], minimizing the differences between high and low light. PhCs localized preferentially near the surfaces of leaves, but under low light, an increasing allocation of PhCs in deeper mesophyll layers was observed. The PhC profile was significantly different between barley varieties. The relatively tolerant variety accumulated significantly more hydroxycinnamic acids, indicating that these PhCs may play a more prominent role in oxidative stress prevention. Our research presents novel evidence that [CO<sub>2</sub>] modulates the accumulation of PhCs in barley leaves. Mesophyll cells, rather than epidermal cells, were most responsive to environmental stimuli in terms of PhC accumulation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:27:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f5d767669f7b4a52959ac32847d670d8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:27:52Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-f5d767669f7b4a52959ac32847d670d82023-12-03T12:35:32ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212021-03-0110338510.3390/antiox10030385Light and CO<sub>2</sub> Modulate the Accumulation and Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Barley LeavesLena Hunt0Karel Klem1Zuzana Lhotáková2Stanislav Vosolsobě3Michal Oravec4Otmar Urban5Vladimír Špunda6Jana Albrechtová7Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech RepublicGlobal Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech RepublicDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech RepublicGlobal Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech RepublicGlobal Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech RepublicGlobal Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech RepublicBarley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) accumulates phenolic compounds (PhCs), which play a key role in plant defense against environmental stressors as antioxidants or UV screening compounds. The influence of light and atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration ([CO<sub>2</sub>]) on the accumulation and localization of PhCs in barley leaves was examined for two varieties with different tolerances to oxidative stress. PhC localization was visualized in vivo using fluorescence microscopy. Close relationships were found between fluorescence-determined localization of PhCs in barley leaves and PhC content estimated using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy detection. Light intensity had the strongest effect on the accumulation of PhCs, but the total PhC content was similar at elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>], minimizing the differences between high and low light. PhCs localized preferentially near the surfaces of leaves, but under low light, an increasing allocation of PhCs in deeper mesophyll layers was observed. The PhC profile was significantly different between barley varieties. The relatively tolerant variety accumulated significantly more hydroxycinnamic acids, indicating that these PhCs may play a more prominent role in oxidative stress prevention. Our research presents novel evidence that [CO<sub>2</sub>] modulates the accumulation of PhCs in barley leaves. Mesophyll cells, rather than epidermal cells, were most responsive to environmental stimuli in terms of PhC accumulation.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/3/385phenolic compoundshistochemical localizationelevated CO<sub>2</sub>image analysisirradianceplant stress |
| spellingShingle | Lena Hunt Karel Klem Zuzana Lhotáková Stanislav Vosolsobě Michal Oravec Otmar Urban Vladimír Špunda Jana Albrechtová Light and CO<sub>2</sub> Modulate the Accumulation and Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Barley Leaves Antioxidants phenolic compounds histochemical localization elevated CO<sub>2</sub> image analysis irradiance plant stress |
| title | Light and CO<sub>2</sub> Modulate the Accumulation and Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Barley Leaves |
| title_full | Light and CO<sub>2</sub> Modulate the Accumulation and Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Barley Leaves |
| title_fullStr | Light and CO<sub>2</sub> Modulate the Accumulation and Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Barley Leaves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Light and CO<sub>2</sub> Modulate the Accumulation and Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Barley Leaves |
| title_short | Light and CO<sub>2</sub> Modulate the Accumulation and Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Barley Leaves |
| title_sort | light and co sub 2 sub modulate the accumulation and localization of phenolic compounds in barley leaves |
| topic | phenolic compounds histochemical localization elevated CO<sub>2</sub> image analysis irradiance plant stress |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/3/385 |
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