Mitigation of Marine Dinoflagellates Using Hydrogen Peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) Increases Toxicity towards Epithelial Gill Cells
Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) has been shown to efficiently remove toxic microalgae from enclosed ballast waters and brackish lakes. In this study, in vitro experiments were conducted to assess the side effects of mitigating toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellate...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/1/83 |
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| author | Jorge I. Mardones Ana Flores-Leñero Marco Pinto-Torres Javier Paredes-Mella Sebastián Fuentes-Alburquenque |
| author_facet | Jorge I. Mardones Ana Flores-Leñero Marco Pinto-Torres Javier Paredes-Mella Sebastián Fuentes-Alburquenque |
| author_sort | Jorge I. Mardones |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) has been shown to efficiently remove toxic microalgae from enclosed ballast waters and brackish lakes. In this study, in vitro experiments were conducted to assess the side effects of mitigating toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellates with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Five H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentrations (50 to 1000 ppm) were used to control the cell abundances of the toxic dinoflagellates <i>Alexandrium catenella</i> and <i>Karenia selliformis</i> and the non-toxic dinoflagellates <i>Lepidodinium chlorophorum</i> and <i>Prorocentrum micans.</i> Photosynthetic efficiency and staining dye measurements showed the high efficiency of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> for mitigating all dinoflagellate species at only 50 ppm. In a bioassay carried out to test cytotoxicity using the cell line RTgill-W1, control experiments (only H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) showed cytotoxicity in a concentration- and time- (0 to 24 h) dependent manner. The toxic dinoflagellates, especially <i>K. selliformis</i>, showed basal cytotoxicity that increased with the application of hydrogen peroxide. Unexpectedly, the application of a low H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration increased toxicity, even when mitigating non-toxic dinoflagellates. This study suggests that the fatty acid composition of toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellate species can yield toxic aldehyde cocktails after lipoperoxidation with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> that can persist in water for days with different half-lives. Further studies are needed to understand the role of lipoperoxidation products as acute mediators of disease and death in aquatic environments. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:39:44Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f5ece471759c4657ab58a08d9db2d8342023-11-30T23:36:09ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072022-12-011118310.3390/microorganisms11010083Mitigation of Marine Dinoflagellates Using Hydrogen Peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) Increases Toxicity towards Epithelial Gill CellsJorge I. Mardones0Ana Flores-Leñero1Marco Pinto-Torres2Javier Paredes-Mella3Sebastián Fuentes-Alburquenque4Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt 5501679, ChileCentro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt 5501679, ChileCentro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt 5501679, ChileCentro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt 5501679, ChileCentro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370993, ChileHydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) has been shown to efficiently remove toxic microalgae from enclosed ballast waters and brackish lakes. In this study, in vitro experiments were conducted to assess the side effects of mitigating toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellates with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Five H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentrations (50 to 1000 ppm) were used to control the cell abundances of the toxic dinoflagellates <i>Alexandrium catenella</i> and <i>Karenia selliformis</i> and the non-toxic dinoflagellates <i>Lepidodinium chlorophorum</i> and <i>Prorocentrum micans.</i> Photosynthetic efficiency and staining dye measurements showed the high efficiency of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> for mitigating all dinoflagellate species at only 50 ppm. In a bioassay carried out to test cytotoxicity using the cell line RTgill-W1, control experiments (only H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) showed cytotoxicity in a concentration- and time- (0 to 24 h) dependent manner. The toxic dinoflagellates, especially <i>K. selliformis</i>, showed basal cytotoxicity that increased with the application of hydrogen peroxide. Unexpectedly, the application of a low H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration increased toxicity, even when mitigating non-toxic dinoflagellates. This study suggests that the fatty acid composition of toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellate species can yield toxic aldehyde cocktails after lipoperoxidation with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> that can persist in water for days with different half-lives. Further studies are needed to understand the role of lipoperoxidation products as acute mediators of disease and death in aquatic environments.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/1/83harmful algal blooms (HABs)phytoplanktonreactive oxygen species (ROS)lipid peroxidationtoxic aldehydesRTgill-W1 cell line |
| spellingShingle | Jorge I. Mardones Ana Flores-Leñero Marco Pinto-Torres Javier Paredes-Mella Sebastián Fuentes-Alburquenque Mitigation of Marine Dinoflagellates Using Hydrogen Peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) Increases Toxicity towards Epithelial Gill Cells Microorganisms harmful algal blooms (HABs) phytoplankton reactive oxygen species (ROS) lipid peroxidation toxic aldehydes RTgill-W1 cell line |
| title | Mitigation of Marine Dinoflagellates Using Hydrogen Peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) Increases Toxicity towards Epithelial Gill Cells |
| title_full | Mitigation of Marine Dinoflagellates Using Hydrogen Peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) Increases Toxicity towards Epithelial Gill Cells |
| title_fullStr | Mitigation of Marine Dinoflagellates Using Hydrogen Peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) Increases Toxicity towards Epithelial Gill Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mitigation of Marine Dinoflagellates Using Hydrogen Peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) Increases Toxicity towards Epithelial Gill Cells |
| title_short | Mitigation of Marine Dinoflagellates Using Hydrogen Peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) Increases Toxicity towards Epithelial Gill Cells |
| title_sort | mitigation of marine dinoflagellates using hydrogen peroxide h sub 2 sub o sub 2 sub increases toxicity towards epithelial gill cells |
| topic | harmful algal blooms (HABs) phytoplankton reactive oxygen species (ROS) lipid peroxidation toxic aldehydes RTgill-W1 cell line |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/1/83 |
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