Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Affected by Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is frequently associated with sudden cardiac death, presumably due to the development of malignant arrhythmias. The risk of sudden cardiac death due to HCM has been reported to be predicted by assessing electrocardiographic (ECG) changes including frequencies and co...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-01-01
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Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2019.00001/full |
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author | Yu Ueda Taylor L. Slabaugh Ashley L. Walker Eric S. Ontiveros Paul-Michael Sosa Rachel Reader Jeffrey A. Roberts Joshua A. Stern Joshua A. Stern |
author_facet | Yu Ueda Taylor L. Slabaugh Ashley L. Walker Eric S. Ontiveros Paul-Michael Sosa Rachel Reader Jeffrey A. Roberts Joshua A. Stern Joshua A. Stern |
author_sort | Yu Ueda |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is frequently associated with sudden cardiac death, presumably due to the development of malignant arrhythmias. The risk of sudden cardiac death due to HCM has been reported to be predicted by assessing electrocardiographic (ECG) changes including frequencies and complexities of arrhythmias as well as heart rate variability (HRV) as an assessment of autonomic balance. Sudden cardiac death in association with naturally-occurring left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been reported in a colony of rhesus macaques and is under investigation as a potential non-human primate model of human HCM. In the present study, 10 rhesus macaques with LVH and 10 without the signs of LVH confirmed by an echocardiographic examination were recruited for assessing ECG and HRV parameters. ECG morphology on 10-s, 6-lead ECG analysis, and the frequency and complexity of arrhythmias as well as HRV on 20-h ambulatory ECG Holter analyses were assessed. On the standard 10-s 6-lead ECG analysis, P wave and QRS complex duration as well as the QRS complex amplitude were significantly increased in the LVH-affected rhesus macaques compared to control rhesus macaques. Analysis of 20-h Holter monitoring revealed no statistically significant differences in the frequency or the complexity of arrhythmias between the LVH and the control groups. Several HRV parameters were smaller in the LVH group than the control group throughout the majority of Holter recordings showing periods of reduced variability, however, no statistically significant differences were achieved across groups and/or time points. These findings indicate that ECG analysis and Holter monitoring of rhesus macaques are feasible and that ECG morphological changes in association with LVH could be used as a possible component of an antemortem screening tool. The rhesus macaques of this study did not reveal clear indications of risk for sudden cardiac death. Further studies are necessary to determine the etiology of sudden cardiac death due in LVH affected rhesus macaques and identify if any parameters of arrhythmia assessment or HRV can be used to predict the development of sudden cardiac death. |
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spelling | doaj.art-f60b229cb69d43abb87da13e0a1ada712022-12-22T03:36:00ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692019-01-01610.3389/fvets.2019.00001436168Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Affected by Left Ventricular HypertrophyYu Ueda0Taylor L. Slabaugh1Ashley L. Walker2Eric S. Ontiveros3Paul-Michael Sosa4Rachel Reader5Jeffrey A. Roberts6Joshua A. Stern7Joshua A. Stern8Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesDepartment of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesDepartment of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesDepartment of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesCalifornia National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesCalifornia National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesCalifornia National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesDepartment of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesCalifornia National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is frequently associated with sudden cardiac death, presumably due to the development of malignant arrhythmias. The risk of sudden cardiac death due to HCM has been reported to be predicted by assessing electrocardiographic (ECG) changes including frequencies and complexities of arrhythmias as well as heart rate variability (HRV) as an assessment of autonomic balance. Sudden cardiac death in association with naturally-occurring left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been reported in a colony of rhesus macaques and is under investigation as a potential non-human primate model of human HCM. In the present study, 10 rhesus macaques with LVH and 10 without the signs of LVH confirmed by an echocardiographic examination were recruited for assessing ECG and HRV parameters. ECG morphology on 10-s, 6-lead ECG analysis, and the frequency and complexity of arrhythmias as well as HRV on 20-h ambulatory ECG Holter analyses were assessed. On the standard 10-s 6-lead ECG analysis, P wave and QRS complex duration as well as the QRS complex amplitude were significantly increased in the LVH-affected rhesus macaques compared to control rhesus macaques. Analysis of 20-h Holter monitoring revealed no statistically significant differences in the frequency or the complexity of arrhythmias between the LVH and the control groups. Several HRV parameters were smaller in the LVH group than the control group throughout the majority of Holter recordings showing periods of reduced variability, however, no statistically significant differences were achieved across groups and/or time points. These findings indicate that ECG analysis and Holter monitoring of rhesus macaques are feasible and that ECG morphological changes in association with LVH could be used as a possible component of an antemortem screening tool. The rhesus macaques of this study did not reveal clear indications of risk for sudden cardiac death. Further studies are necessary to determine the etiology of sudden cardiac death due in LVH affected rhesus macaques and identify if any parameters of arrhythmia assessment or HRV can be used to predict the development of sudden cardiac death.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2019.00001/fullhypertrophic cardiomyopathysudden deatharrhythmiaautonomic balanceelectrocardiographyHolter analysis |
spellingShingle | Yu Ueda Taylor L. Slabaugh Ashley L. Walker Eric S. Ontiveros Paul-Michael Sosa Rachel Reader Jeffrey A. Roberts Joshua A. Stern Joshua A. Stern Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Affected by Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Frontiers in Veterinary Science hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sudden death arrhythmia autonomic balance electrocardiography Holter analysis |
title | Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Affected by Left Ventricular Hypertrophy |
title_full | Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Affected by Left Ventricular Hypertrophy |
title_fullStr | Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Affected by Left Ventricular Hypertrophy |
title_full_unstemmed | Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Affected by Left Ventricular Hypertrophy |
title_short | Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Affected by Left Ventricular Hypertrophy |
title_sort | heart rate and heart rate variability of rhesus macaques macaca mulatta affected by left ventricular hypertrophy |
topic | hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sudden death arrhythmia autonomic balance electrocardiography Holter analysis |
url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2019.00001/full |
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