Alleviation of Cadmium and Nickel Toxicity and Phyto-Stimulation of Tomato Plant L. by Endophytic <i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>
Cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) are two of the most toxic metals, wreaking havoc on human health and agricultural output. Furthermore, high levels of Cd and Ni in the soil environment, particularly in the root zone, may slow plant development, resulting in lower plant biomass. On the other hand, endoph...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/15/2018 |
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| author | Ibrahim H. Badawy Ahmed A. Hmed Mahmoud R. Sofy Alshymaa Z. Al-Mokadem |
| author_facet | Ibrahim H. Badawy Ahmed A. Hmed Mahmoud R. Sofy Alshymaa Z. Al-Mokadem |
| author_sort | Ibrahim H. Badawy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) are two of the most toxic metals, wreaking havoc on human health and agricultural output. Furthermore, high levels of Cd and Ni in the soil environment, particularly in the root zone, may slow plant development, resulting in lower plant biomass. On the other hand, endophytic bacteria offer great promise for reducing Cd and Ni. Moreover, they boost plants’ resistance to heavy metal stress. Different bacterium strains were isolated from tomato roots. These isolates were identified as <i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> using 16SrDNA and were utilized to investigate their involvement in mitigating the detrimental effects of heavy metal stress. The two bacterial strains can solubilize phosphorus and create phytohormones as well as siderophores. Therefore, the objective of this study was to see how endophytic bacteria (<i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and <i>Enterobacter</i><i>cloacae</i>) affected the mitigation of stress from Cd and Ni in tomato plants grown in 50 μM Cd or Ni-contaminated soil. According to the findings, Cd and Ni considerably lowered growth, biomass, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and photosynthetic properties. Furthermore, the content of proline, phenol, malondialdehyde (MDA), H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, OH, O<sub>2</sub>, the antioxidant defense system, and heavy metal (HM) contents were significantly raised under HM-stress conditions. However, endophytic bacteria greatly improved the resistance of tomato plants to HM stress by boosting enzymatic antioxidant defenses (i.e., catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, lipoxygenase activity, and nitrate reductase), antioxidant, non-enzymatic defenses, and osmolyte substances such as proline, mineral content, and specific regulatory defense genes. Moreover, the plants treated had a higher value for bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) due to more extensive loss of Cd and Ni content from the soil. To summarize, the promotion of endophytic bacterium-induced HM resistance in tomato plants is essentially dependent on the influence of endophytic bacteria on antioxidant capacity and osmoregulation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:05:35Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:05:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f619ea8897b44f8fb16e60e4d70b9a0f2023-12-03T12:55:25ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-08-011115201810.3390/plants11152018Alleviation of Cadmium and Nickel Toxicity and Phyto-Stimulation of Tomato Plant L. by Endophytic <i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>Ibrahim H. Badawy0Ahmed A. Hmed1Mahmoud R. Sofy2Alshymaa Z. Al-Mokadem3Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, EgyptBotany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, EgyptBotany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, EgyptBotany Department, Women’s College, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, EgyptCadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) are two of the most toxic metals, wreaking havoc on human health and agricultural output. Furthermore, high levels of Cd and Ni in the soil environment, particularly in the root zone, may slow plant development, resulting in lower plant biomass. On the other hand, endophytic bacteria offer great promise for reducing Cd and Ni. Moreover, they boost plants’ resistance to heavy metal stress. Different bacterium strains were isolated from tomato roots. These isolates were identified as <i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> using 16SrDNA and were utilized to investigate their involvement in mitigating the detrimental effects of heavy metal stress. The two bacterial strains can solubilize phosphorus and create phytohormones as well as siderophores. Therefore, the objective of this study was to see how endophytic bacteria (<i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and <i>Enterobacter</i><i>cloacae</i>) affected the mitigation of stress from Cd and Ni in tomato plants grown in 50 μM Cd or Ni-contaminated soil. According to the findings, Cd and Ni considerably lowered growth, biomass, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and photosynthetic properties. Furthermore, the content of proline, phenol, malondialdehyde (MDA), H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, OH, O<sub>2</sub>, the antioxidant defense system, and heavy metal (HM) contents were significantly raised under HM-stress conditions. However, endophytic bacteria greatly improved the resistance of tomato plants to HM stress by boosting enzymatic antioxidant defenses (i.e., catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, lipoxygenase activity, and nitrate reductase), antioxidant, non-enzymatic defenses, and osmolyte substances such as proline, mineral content, and specific regulatory defense genes. Moreover, the plants treated had a higher value for bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) due to more extensive loss of Cd and Ni content from the soil. To summarize, the promotion of endophytic bacterium-induced HM resistance in tomato plants is essentially dependent on the influence of endophytic bacteria on antioxidant capacity and osmoregulation.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/15/2018heavy metalsbioconcentration factortranslocation factorantioxidant defensesspecific regulatory defense genes |
| spellingShingle | Ibrahim H. Badawy Ahmed A. Hmed Mahmoud R. Sofy Alshymaa Z. Al-Mokadem Alleviation of Cadmium and Nickel Toxicity and Phyto-Stimulation of Tomato Plant L. by Endophytic <i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> Plants heavy metals bioconcentration factor translocation factor antioxidant defenses specific regulatory defense genes |
| title | Alleviation of Cadmium and Nickel Toxicity and Phyto-Stimulation of Tomato Plant L. by Endophytic <i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> |
| title_full | Alleviation of Cadmium and Nickel Toxicity and Phyto-Stimulation of Tomato Plant L. by Endophytic <i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> |
| title_fullStr | Alleviation of Cadmium and Nickel Toxicity and Phyto-Stimulation of Tomato Plant L. by Endophytic <i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Alleviation of Cadmium and Nickel Toxicity and Phyto-Stimulation of Tomato Plant L. by Endophytic <i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> |
| title_short | Alleviation of Cadmium and Nickel Toxicity and Phyto-Stimulation of Tomato Plant L. by Endophytic <i>Micrococcus luteus</i> and <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> |
| title_sort | alleviation of cadmium and nickel toxicity and phyto stimulation of tomato plant l by endophytic i micrococcus luteus i and i enterobacter cloacae i |
| topic | heavy metals bioconcentration factor translocation factor antioxidant defenses specific regulatory defense genes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/15/2018 |
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