Fungicide Resistance Evolving in <i>Ramularia collo-cygni</i> Population in Estonia
Ramularia leaf spot caused by the fungus <i>Ramularia collo-cygni</i>, has recently become widespread in Estonian barley fields. Currently, disease control in barley fields relies on SDHI and DMI fungicides, which might be threatened by <i>R. collo-cygni</i> isolates that are...
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/7/1514 |
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| author | Riinu Kiiker Marite Juurik Andres Mäe |
| author_facet | Riinu Kiiker Marite Juurik Andres Mäe |
| author_sort | Riinu Kiiker |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ramularia leaf spot caused by the fungus <i>Ramularia collo-cygni</i>, has recently become widespread in Estonian barley fields. Currently, disease control in barley fields relies on SDHI and DMI fungicides, which might be threatened by <i>R. collo-cygni</i> isolates that are well-adapted to fungicide pressure. In a two-year study, 353 <i>R. collo-cygni</i> isolates were collected from spring barley fields in Estonia. A total of 153 <i>R. collo-cygni</i> isolates were examined for sensitivity to azoles (DMIs; prothioconazole-desthio, epoxiconazole, mefentrifluconazole) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs; boscalid, fluxapyroxad). Epoxiconazole was the least effective and a new fungicide mefentrifluconazole was the most effective DMI. Among SDHIs, fluxapyroxad was more effective than boscalid. Also, single <i>R. collo-cygni</i> isolates with high resistance to tested fungicides occurred, which could affect fungicide control of the pathogen. The entire collection of <i>R. collo-cygni</i> was analysed for mutations in fungicide target proteins. Six mutations were identified in <i>CYP51</i> gene, the most dominant being I381T, I384T, and S459C. Also, numerous point mutations in the <i>SdhC</i> gene were present. The mutation G143A in strobilurin target protein CytB dominates in over 80% of the <i>R. collo-cygni</i> population, confirming the low efficacy of strobilurin fungicides in barley disease control. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:32:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f643feff5add4cf5973341983c95130b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:32:01Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-f643feff5add4cf5973341983c95130b2023-11-22T04:26:54ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072021-07-0197151410.3390/microorganisms9071514Fungicide Resistance Evolving in <i>Ramularia collo-cygni</i> Population in EstoniaRiinu Kiiker0Marite Juurik1Andres Mäe2Department of Plant Protection, Estonian Crop Research Institute, 48309 Jõgeva, EstoniaDepartment of Plant Protection, Estonian Crop Research Institute, 48309 Jõgeva, EstoniaDepartment of Plant Protection, Estonian Crop Research Institute, 48309 Jõgeva, EstoniaRamularia leaf spot caused by the fungus <i>Ramularia collo-cygni</i>, has recently become widespread in Estonian barley fields. Currently, disease control in barley fields relies on SDHI and DMI fungicides, which might be threatened by <i>R. collo-cygni</i> isolates that are well-adapted to fungicide pressure. In a two-year study, 353 <i>R. collo-cygni</i> isolates were collected from spring barley fields in Estonia. A total of 153 <i>R. collo-cygni</i> isolates were examined for sensitivity to azoles (DMIs; prothioconazole-desthio, epoxiconazole, mefentrifluconazole) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs; boscalid, fluxapyroxad). Epoxiconazole was the least effective and a new fungicide mefentrifluconazole was the most effective DMI. Among SDHIs, fluxapyroxad was more effective than boscalid. Also, single <i>R. collo-cygni</i> isolates with high resistance to tested fungicides occurred, which could affect fungicide control of the pathogen. The entire collection of <i>R. collo-cygni</i> was analysed for mutations in fungicide target proteins. Six mutations were identified in <i>CYP51</i> gene, the most dominant being I381T, I384T, and S459C. Also, numerous point mutations in the <i>SdhC</i> gene were present. The mutation G143A in strobilurin target protein CytB dominates in over 80% of the <i>R. collo-cygni</i> population, confirming the low efficacy of strobilurin fungicides in barley disease control.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/7/1514Ramularia leaf spotfungicide target proteinsCYP51CytBazolesSDHI |
| spellingShingle | Riinu Kiiker Marite Juurik Andres Mäe Fungicide Resistance Evolving in <i>Ramularia collo-cygni</i> Population in Estonia Microorganisms Ramularia leaf spot fungicide target proteins CYP51 CytB azoles SDHI |
| title | Fungicide Resistance Evolving in <i>Ramularia collo-cygni</i> Population in Estonia |
| title_full | Fungicide Resistance Evolving in <i>Ramularia collo-cygni</i> Population in Estonia |
| title_fullStr | Fungicide Resistance Evolving in <i>Ramularia collo-cygni</i> Population in Estonia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fungicide Resistance Evolving in <i>Ramularia collo-cygni</i> Population in Estonia |
| title_short | Fungicide Resistance Evolving in <i>Ramularia collo-cygni</i> Population in Estonia |
| title_sort | fungicide resistance evolving in i ramularia collo cygni i population in estonia |
| topic | Ramularia leaf spot fungicide target proteins CYP51 CytB azoles SDHI |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/7/1514 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT riinukiiker fungicideresistanceevolvinginiramulariacollocygniipopulationinestonia AT maritejuurik fungicideresistanceevolvinginiramulariacollocygniipopulationinestonia AT andresmae fungicideresistanceevolvinginiramulariacollocygniipopulationinestonia |