A Four Stage Image Processing Algorithm for Detecting and Counting of Bagworm, <i>Metisa plana</i> Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)
The bagworm is a vicious leaf eating insect pest that threatens the oil palm plantations in Malaysia. The economic impact from defoliation of approximately 10% to 13% due to bagworm attack might cause about 33% to 40% yield loss over 2 years. Due to this, monitoring and detecting of bagworm populati...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/12/1265 |
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| author | Mohd Najib Ahmad Abdul Rashid Mohamed Shariff Ishak Aris Izhal Abdul Halin |
| author_facet | Mohd Najib Ahmad Abdul Rashid Mohamed Shariff Ishak Aris Izhal Abdul Halin |
| author_sort | Mohd Najib Ahmad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The bagworm is a vicious leaf eating insect pest that threatens the oil palm plantations in Malaysia. The economic impact from defoliation of approximately 10% to 13% due to bagworm attack might cause about 33% to 40% yield loss over 2 years. Due to this, monitoring and detecting of bagworm populations in oil palm plantations is required as the preliminary steps to ensure proper planning of control actions in these areas. Hence, the development of an image processing algorithm for detection and counting of <i>Metisa plana</i> Walker, a species of Malaysia’s local bagworm, using image segmentation has been researched and completed. The color and shape features from the segmented images for real time object detection showed an average detection accuracy of 40% and 34%, at 30 cm and 50 cm camera distance, respectively. After some improvements on training dataset and marking detected bagworm with bounding box, a deep learning algorithm with Faster Regional Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) algorithm was applied leading to the percentage of the detection accuracy increased up to 100% at a camera distance of 30 cm in close conditions. The proposed solution is also designed to distinguish between the living and dead larvae of the bagworms using motion detection which resulted in approximately 73–100% accuracy at a camera distance of 30 cm in the close conditions. Through false color analysis, distinct differences in the pixel count based on the slope was observed for dead and live pupae at 630 nm and 940 nm, with the slopes recorded at 0.38 and 0.28, respectively. The higher pixel count and slope correlated with the dead pupae while the lower pixel count and slope, represented the living pupae. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:42:05Z |
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| id | doaj.art-f6473691f03a4133a7ac0896fda4b696 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:42:05Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
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| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-f6473691f03a4133a7ac0896fda4b6962023-11-23T03:19:55ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722021-12-011112126510.3390/agriculture11121265A Four Stage Image Processing Algorithm for Detecting and Counting of Bagworm, <i>Metisa plana</i> Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)Mohd Najib Ahmad0Abdul Rashid Mohamed Shariff1Ishak Aris2Izhal Abdul Halin3Agronomy & Geospatial Technology Unit, Biology & Sustainability Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Level 3, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Level 4, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Level 4, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaThe bagworm is a vicious leaf eating insect pest that threatens the oil palm plantations in Malaysia. The economic impact from defoliation of approximately 10% to 13% due to bagworm attack might cause about 33% to 40% yield loss over 2 years. Due to this, monitoring and detecting of bagworm populations in oil palm plantations is required as the preliminary steps to ensure proper planning of control actions in these areas. Hence, the development of an image processing algorithm for detection and counting of <i>Metisa plana</i> Walker, a species of Malaysia’s local bagworm, using image segmentation has been researched and completed. The color and shape features from the segmented images for real time object detection showed an average detection accuracy of 40% and 34%, at 30 cm and 50 cm camera distance, respectively. After some improvements on training dataset and marking detected bagworm with bounding box, a deep learning algorithm with Faster Regional Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) algorithm was applied leading to the percentage of the detection accuracy increased up to 100% at a camera distance of 30 cm in close conditions. The proposed solution is also designed to distinguish between the living and dead larvae of the bagworms using motion detection which resulted in approximately 73–100% accuracy at a camera distance of 30 cm in the close conditions. Through false color analysis, distinct differences in the pixel count based on the slope was observed for dead and live pupae at 630 nm and 940 nm, with the slopes recorded at 0.38 and 0.28, respectively. The higher pixel count and slope correlated with the dead pupae while the lower pixel count and slope, represented the living pupae.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/12/1265bagwormsimage segmentationcolor featuresdeep learningfaster R-CNNfalse color |
| spellingShingle | Mohd Najib Ahmad Abdul Rashid Mohamed Shariff Ishak Aris Izhal Abdul Halin A Four Stage Image Processing Algorithm for Detecting and Counting of Bagworm, <i>Metisa plana</i> Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) Agriculture bagworms image segmentation color features deep learning faster R-CNN false color |
| title | A Four Stage Image Processing Algorithm for Detecting and Counting of Bagworm, <i>Metisa plana</i> Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) |
| title_full | A Four Stage Image Processing Algorithm for Detecting and Counting of Bagworm, <i>Metisa plana</i> Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) |
| title_fullStr | A Four Stage Image Processing Algorithm for Detecting and Counting of Bagworm, <i>Metisa plana</i> Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Four Stage Image Processing Algorithm for Detecting and Counting of Bagworm, <i>Metisa plana</i> Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) |
| title_short | A Four Stage Image Processing Algorithm for Detecting and Counting of Bagworm, <i>Metisa plana</i> Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) |
| title_sort | four stage image processing algorithm for detecting and counting of bagworm i metisa plana i walker lepidoptera psychidae |
| topic | bagworms image segmentation color features deep learning faster R-CNN false color |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/12/1265 |
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