Polyhumous Dystrophic Pit Lakes: Hydrographic and Hydrochemical Characteristics on the Example of Reservoirs in the Włoszczowska Basin, Central Poland
The article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of post-exploitation reservoirs formed in peat excavations. Two natural bog lakes were selected as the control objects for the study. The research indicated that both the waters of post-exploitation peat reservoirs and natural b...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/7/2681 |
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| author | Tadeusz Molenda Beata Kostka Ireneusz Malik Paweł Lejwoda Wiktor Radziejowski Joanna Kidawa |
| author_facet | Tadeusz Molenda Beata Kostka Ireneusz Malik Paweł Lejwoda Wiktor Radziejowski Joanna Kidawa |
| author_sort | Tadeusz Molenda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of post-exploitation reservoirs formed in peat excavations. Two natural bog lakes were selected as the control objects for the study. The research indicated that both the waters of post-exploitation peat reservoirs and natural bog lakes show low electrolytic conductivity (<100 µS/cm) and acidic water reaction (pH < 5.5). The concentration of major cations and anions is also very low. The concentration of calcium and magnesium does not exceed a few mg/L. Hydrochemically, all post-exploitation peat reservoirs are bi-ionic sulphate–calcium (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>-Ca<sup>2+</sup>). This distinguishes post-exploitation peat reservoirs from natural bog lakes in which multi-ion waters were found, for example, sulphate–chloride–calcium (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>-Cl<sup>−</sup>-Ca<sup>2+</sup>) and sulphate–calcium–sodium (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>-Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Na<sup>+</sup>). The calculated water humic state index (HSI) allowed the classifying of the examined reservoirs as polyhumous. The value of this index, in all reservoirs, was >50. Based on the calculated hydrochemical dystrophy index (HDI), it was found that all post-exploitation peat reservoirs are dystrophic. So far, no such hydrochemical type has been found in other post-exploitation peat reservoirs. Therefore, the examined objects should be classified as unique post-exploitation peat reservoirs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:53:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f69b9fd284934b18a75bec85f135d641 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:53:00Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-f69b9fd284934b18a75bec85f135d6412023-11-30T23:13:43ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732022-04-01157268110.3390/en15072681Polyhumous Dystrophic Pit Lakes: Hydrographic and Hydrochemical Characteristics on the Example of Reservoirs in the Włoszczowska Basin, Central PolandTadeusz Molenda0Beata Kostka1Ireneusz Malik2Paweł Lejwoda3Wiktor Radziejowski4Joanna Kidawa5Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, PolandCentral Mining Institute, 40-166 Katowice, PolandFaculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, PolandCentral Mining Institute, 40-166 Katowice, PolandCentral Mining Institute, 40-166 Katowice, PolandFaculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, PolandThe article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of post-exploitation reservoirs formed in peat excavations. Two natural bog lakes were selected as the control objects for the study. The research indicated that both the waters of post-exploitation peat reservoirs and natural bog lakes show low electrolytic conductivity (<100 µS/cm) and acidic water reaction (pH < 5.5). The concentration of major cations and anions is also very low. The concentration of calcium and magnesium does not exceed a few mg/L. Hydrochemically, all post-exploitation peat reservoirs are bi-ionic sulphate–calcium (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>-Ca<sup>2+</sup>). This distinguishes post-exploitation peat reservoirs from natural bog lakes in which multi-ion waters were found, for example, sulphate–chloride–calcium (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>-Cl<sup>−</sup>-Ca<sup>2+</sup>) and sulphate–calcium–sodium (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>-Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Na<sup>+</sup>). The calculated water humic state index (HSI) allowed the classifying of the examined reservoirs as polyhumous. The value of this index, in all reservoirs, was >50. Based on the calculated hydrochemical dystrophy index (HDI), it was found that all post-exploitation peat reservoirs are dystrophic. So far, no such hydrochemical type has been found in other post-exploitation peat reservoirs. Therefore, the examined objects should be classified as unique post-exploitation peat reservoirs.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/7/2681mine watersbogdystrophy lakehumic lakehumic state indexhydrochemical dystrophy index |
| spellingShingle | Tadeusz Molenda Beata Kostka Ireneusz Malik Paweł Lejwoda Wiktor Radziejowski Joanna Kidawa Polyhumous Dystrophic Pit Lakes: Hydrographic and Hydrochemical Characteristics on the Example of Reservoirs in the Włoszczowska Basin, Central Poland Energies mine waters bog dystrophy lake humic lake humic state index hydrochemical dystrophy index |
| title | Polyhumous Dystrophic Pit Lakes: Hydrographic and Hydrochemical Characteristics on the Example of Reservoirs in the Włoszczowska Basin, Central Poland |
| title_full | Polyhumous Dystrophic Pit Lakes: Hydrographic and Hydrochemical Characteristics on the Example of Reservoirs in the Włoszczowska Basin, Central Poland |
| title_fullStr | Polyhumous Dystrophic Pit Lakes: Hydrographic and Hydrochemical Characteristics on the Example of Reservoirs in the Włoszczowska Basin, Central Poland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polyhumous Dystrophic Pit Lakes: Hydrographic and Hydrochemical Characteristics on the Example of Reservoirs in the Włoszczowska Basin, Central Poland |
| title_short | Polyhumous Dystrophic Pit Lakes: Hydrographic and Hydrochemical Characteristics on the Example of Reservoirs in the Włoszczowska Basin, Central Poland |
| title_sort | polyhumous dystrophic pit lakes hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics on the example of reservoirs in the wloszczowska basin central poland |
| topic | mine waters bog dystrophy lake humic lake humic state index hydrochemical dystrophy index |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/7/2681 |
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