Exercise Preserves Lean Mass and Performance during Severe Energy Deficit: The Role of Exercise Volume and Dietary Protein Content
The loss of fat-free mass (FFM) caused by very-low-calorie diets (VLCD) can be attenuated by exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the role played by exercise and dietary protein content in preserving the lean mass and performance of exercised and non-exercised muscles, during a short per...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2017-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2017.00483/full |
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| author | Jose A. L. Calbet Jose A. L. Calbet Jesús G. Ponce-González Jaime de La Calle-Herrero Ismael Perez-Suarez Ismael Perez-Suarez Marcos Martin-Rincon Marcos Martin-Rincon Alfredo Santana Alfredo Santana David Morales-Alamo David Morales-Alamo Hans-Christer Holmberg |
| author_facet | Jose A. L. Calbet Jose A. L. Calbet Jesús G. Ponce-González Jaime de La Calle-Herrero Ismael Perez-Suarez Ismael Perez-Suarez Marcos Martin-Rincon Marcos Martin-Rincon Alfredo Santana Alfredo Santana David Morales-Alamo David Morales-Alamo Hans-Christer Holmberg |
| author_sort | Jose A. L. Calbet |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The loss of fat-free mass (FFM) caused by very-low-calorie diets (VLCD) can be attenuated by exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the role played by exercise and dietary protein content in preserving the lean mass and performance of exercised and non-exercised muscles, during a short period of extreme energy deficit (~23 MJ deficit/day). Fifteen overweight men underwent three consecutive experimental phases: baseline assessment (PRE), followed by 4 days of caloric restriction and exercise (CRE) and then 3 days on a control diet combined with reduced exercise (CD). During CRE, the participants ingested a VLCD and performed 45 min of one-arm cranking followed by 8 h walking each day. The VLCD consisted of 0.8 g/kg body weight/day of either whey protein (PRO, n = 8) or sucrose (SU, n = 7). FFM was reduced after CRE (P < 0.001), with the legs and the exercised arm losing proportionally less FFM than the control arm [57% (P < 0.05) and 29% (P = 0.05), respectively]. Performance during leg pedaling, as reflected by the peak oxygen uptake and power output (Wpeak), was reduced after CRE by 15 and 12%, respectively (P < 0.05), and recovered only partially after CD. The deterioration of cycling performance was more pronounced in the whey protein than sucrose group (P < 0.05). Wpeak during arm cranking was unchanged in the control arm, but improved in the contralateral arm by arm cranking. There was a linear relationship between the reduction in whole-body FFM between PRE and CRE and the changes in the cortisol/free testosterone ratio (C/FT), serum isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, valine, BCAA, and EAA (r = −0.54 to −0.71, respectively, P < 0.05). C/FT tended to be higher in the PRO than the SU group following CRE (P = 0.06). In conclusion, concomitant low-intensity exercise such as walking or arm cranking even during an extreme energy deficit results in remarkable preservation of lean mass. The intake of proteins alone may be associated with greater cortisol/free testosterone ratio and is not better than the ingestion of only carbohydrates for preserving FFM and muscle performance in interventions of short duration. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T03:20:06Z |
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| id | doaj.art-f6a6195da13146b9aeb9a1b40021116e |
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| issn | 1664-042X |
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| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T03:20:06Z |
| publishDate | 2017-07-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-f6a6195da13146b9aeb9a1b40021116e2022-12-21T20:37:48ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2017-07-01810.3389/fphys.2017.00483263897Exercise Preserves Lean Mass and Performance during Severe Energy Deficit: The Role of Exercise Volume and Dietary Protein ContentJose A. L. Calbet0Jose A. L. Calbet1Jesús G. Ponce-González2Jaime de La Calle-Herrero3Ismael Perez-Suarez4Ismael Perez-Suarez5Marcos Martin-Rincon6Marcos Martin-Rincon7Alfredo Santana8Alfredo Santana9David Morales-Alamo10David Morales-Alamo11Hans-Christer Holmberg12Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainResearch Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainDepartment of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainDepartment of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainDepartment of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainResearch Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainDepartment of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainResearch Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainDepartment of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainResearch Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainDepartment of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainResearch Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS)Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainSwedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, SwedenThe loss of fat-free mass (FFM) caused by very-low-calorie diets (VLCD) can be attenuated by exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the role played by exercise and dietary protein content in preserving the lean mass and performance of exercised and non-exercised muscles, during a short period of extreme energy deficit (~23 MJ deficit/day). Fifteen overweight men underwent three consecutive experimental phases: baseline assessment (PRE), followed by 4 days of caloric restriction and exercise (CRE) and then 3 days on a control diet combined with reduced exercise (CD). During CRE, the participants ingested a VLCD and performed 45 min of one-arm cranking followed by 8 h walking each day. The VLCD consisted of 0.8 g/kg body weight/day of either whey protein (PRO, n = 8) or sucrose (SU, n = 7). FFM was reduced after CRE (P < 0.001), with the legs and the exercised arm losing proportionally less FFM than the control arm [57% (P < 0.05) and 29% (P = 0.05), respectively]. Performance during leg pedaling, as reflected by the peak oxygen uptake and power output (Wpeak), was reduced after CRE by 15 and 12%, respectively (P < 0.05), and recovered only partially after CD. The deterioration of cycling performance was more pronounced in the whey protein than sucrose group (P < 0.05). Wpeak during arm cranking was unchanged in the control arm, but improved in the contralateral arm by arm cranking. There was a linear relationship between the reduction in whole-body FFM between PRE and CRE and the changes in the cortisol/free testosterone ratio (C/FT), serum isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, valine, BCAA, and EAA (r = −0.54 to −0.71, respectively, P < 0.05). C/FT tended to be higher in the PRO than the SU group following CRE (P = 0.06). In conclusion, concomitant low-intensity exercise such as walking or arm cranking even during an extreme energy deficit results in remarkable preservation of lean mass. The intake of proteins alone may be associated with greater cortisol/free testosterone ratio and is not better than the ingestion of only carbohydrates for preserving FFM and muscle performance in interventions of short duration.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2017.00483/fullobesityVLCDvery-low-calorie dietwhey proteinsucroseexercise |
| spellingShingle | Jose A. L. Calbet Jose A. L. Calbet Jesús G. Ponce-González Jaime de La Calle-Herrero Ismael Perez-Suarez Ismael Perez-Suarez Marcos Martin-Rincon Marcos Martin-Rincon Alfredo Santana Alfredo Santana David Morales-Alamo David Morales-Alamo Hans-Christer Holmberg Exercise Preserves Lean Mass and Performance during Severe Energy Deficit: The Role of Exercise Volume and Dietary Protein Content Frontiers in Physiology obesity VLCD very-low-calorie diet whey protein sucrose exercise |
| title | Exercise Preserves Lean Mass and Performance during Severe Energy Deficit: The Role of Exercise Volume and Dietary Protein Content |
| title_full | Exercise Preserves Lean Mass and Performance during Severe Energy Deficit: The Role of Exercise Volume and Dietary Protein Content |
| title_fullStr | Exercise Preserves Lean Mass and Performance during Severe Energy Deficit: The Role of Exercise Volume and Dietary Protein Content |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exercise Preserves Lean Mass and Performance during Severe Energy Deficit: The Role of Exercise Volume and Dietary Protein Content |
| title_short | Exercise Preserves Lean Mass and Performance during Severe Energy Deficit: The Role of Exercise Volume and Dietary Protein Content |
| title_sort | exercise preserves lean mass and performance during severe energy deficit the role of exercise volume and dietary protein content |
| topic | obesity VLCD very-low-calorie diet whey protein sucrose exercise |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphys.2017.00483/full |
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