Altered Env conformational dynamics as a mechanism of resistance to peptide-triazole HIV-1 inactivators
Abstract Background We previously developed drug-like peptide triazoles (PTs) that target HIV-1 Envelope (Env) gp120, potently inhibit viral entry, and irreversibly inactivate virions. Here, we investigated potential mechanisms of viral escape from this promising class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Res...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Retrovirology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-021-00575-z |
| _version_ | 1818908717701136384 |
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| author | Shiyu Zhang Andrew P. Holmes Alexej Dick Adel A. Rashad Lucía Enríquez Rodríguez Gabriela A. Canziani Michael J. Root Irwin M. Chaiken |
| author_facet | Shiyu Zhang Andrew P. Holmes Alexej Dick Adel A. Rashad Lucía Enríquez Rodríguez Gabriela A. Canziani Michael J. Root Irwin M. Chaiken |
| author_sort | Shiyu Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background We previously developed drug-like peptide triazoles (PTs) that target HIV-1 Envelope (Env) gp120, potently inhibit viral entry, and irreversibly inactivate virions. Here, we investigated potential mechanisms of viral escape from this promising class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Results HIV-1 resistance to cyclic (AAR029b) and linear (KR13) PTs was obtained by dose escalation in viral passaging experiments. High-level resistance for both inhibitors developed slowly (relative to escape from gp41-targeted C-peptide inhibitor C37) by acquiring mutations in gp120 both within (Val255) and distant to (Ser143) the putative PT binding site. The similarity in the resistance profiles for AAR029b and KR13 suggests that the shared IXW pharmacophore provided the primary pressure for HIV-1 escape. In single-round infectivity studies employing recombinant virus, V255I/S143N double escape mutants reduced PT antiviral potency by 150- to 3900-fold. Curiously, the combined mutations had a much smaller impact on PT binding affinity for monomeric gp120 (four to ninefold). This binding disruption was entirely due to the V255I mutation, which generated few steric clashes with PT in molecular docking. However, this minor effect on PT affinity belied large, offsetting changes to association enthalpy and entropy. The escape mutations had negligible effect on CD4 binding and utilization during entry, but significantly altered both binding thermodynamics and inhibitory potency of the conformationally-specific, anti-CD4i antibody 17b. Moreover, the escape mutations substantially decreased gp120 shedding induced by either soluble CD4 or AAR029b. Conclusions Together, the data suggest that the escape mutations significantly modified the energetic landscape of Env’s prefusogenic state, altering conformational dynamics to hinder PT-induced irreversible inactivation of Env. This work therein reveals a unique mode of virus escape for HIV-1, namely, resistance by altering the intrinsic conformational dynamics of the Env trimer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T22:15:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f6b48e73585849659ae886b813db588b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1742-4690 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T22:15:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Retrovirology |
| spelling | doaj.art-f6b48e73585849659ae886b813db588b2022-12-21T20:03:47ZengBMCRetrovirology1742-46902021-10-0118111810.1186/s12977-021-00575-zAltered Env conformational dynamics as a mechanism of resistance to peptide-triazole HIV-1 inactivatorsShiyu Zhang0Andrew P. Holmes1Alexej Dick2Adel A. Rashad3Lucía Enríquez Rodríguez4Gabriela A. Canziani5Michael J. Root6Irwin M. Chaiken7Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of MedicineDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of MedicineDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of MedicineDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of MedicineFaculty of Experimental Science, Francisco de Vitoria UniversityDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of MedicineDepartment of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of MedicineDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of MedicineAbstract Background We previously developed drug-like peptide triazoles (PTs) that target HIV-1 Envelope (Env) gp120, potently inhibit viral entry, and irreversibly inactivate virions. Here, we investigated potential mechanisms of viral escape from this promising class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Results HIV-1 resistance to cyclic (AAR029b) and linear (KR13) PTs was obtained by dose escalation in viral passaging experiments. High-level resistance for both inhibitors developed slowly (relative to escape from gp41-targeted C-peptide inhibitor C37) by acquiring mutations in gp120 both within (Val255) and distant to (Ser143) the putative PT binding site. The similarity in the resistance profiles for AAR029b and KR13 suggests that the shared IXW pharmacophore provided the primary pressure for HIV-1 escape. In single-round infectivity studies employing recombinant virus, V255I/S143N double escape mutants reduced PT antiviral potency by 150- to 3900-fold. Curiously, the combined mutations had a much smaller impact on PT binding affinity for monomeric gp120 (four to ninefold). This binding disruption was entirely due to the V255I mutation, which generated few steric clashes with PT in molecular docking. However, this minor effect on PT affinity belied large, offsetting changes to association enthalpy and entropy. The escape mutations had negligible effect on CD4 binding and utilization during entry, but significantly altered both binding thermodynamics and inhibitory potency of the conformationally-specific, anti-CD4i antibody 17b. Moreover, the escape mutations substantially decreased gp120 shedding induced by either soluble CD4 or AAR029b. Conclusions Together, the data suggest that the escape mutations significantly modified the energetic landscape of Env’s prefusogenic state, altering conformational dynamics to hinder PT-induced irreversible inactivation of Env. This work therein reveals a unique mode of virus escape for HIV-1, namely, resistance by altering the intrinsic conformational dynamics of the Env trimer.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-021-00575-zHIV-1Envelope glycoproteinsEntry inhibitorResistance mechanismgp120 sheddingVirus escape |
| spellingShingle | Shiyu Zhang Andrew P. Holmes Alexej Dick Adel A. Rashad Lucía Enríquez Rodríguez Gabriela A. Canziani Michael J. Root Irwin M. Chaiken Altered Env conformational dynamics as a mechanism of resistance to peptide-triazole HIV-1 inactivators Retrovirology HIV-1 Envelope glycoproteins Entry inhibitor Resistance mechanism gp120 shedding Virus escape |
| title | Altered Env conformational dynamics as a mechanism of resistance to peptide-triazole HIV-1 inactivators |
| title_full | Altered Env conformational dynamics as a mechanism of resistance to peptide-triazole HIV-1 inactivators |
| title_fullStr | Altered Env conformational dynamics as a mechanism of resistance to peptide-triazole HIV-1 inactivators |
| title_full_unstemmed | Altered Env conformational dynamics as a mechanism of resistance to peptide-triazole HIV-1 inactivators |
| title_short | Altered Env conformational dynamics as a mechanism of resistance to peptide-triazole HIV-1 inactivators |
| title_sort | altered env conformational dynamics as a mechanism of resistance to peptide triazole hiv 1 inactivators |
| topic | HIV-1 Envelope glycoproteins Entry inhibitor Resistance mechanism gp120 shedding Virus escape |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-021-00575-z |
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