The orchid seed coat: a developmental and functional perspective
Abstract Orchid seeds are 'dust-like.' The seed coat is usually thin, with only one to a few cell layers. It originates from the integuments formed during ovule development. In orchids, the outer integument is primarily responsible for forming a mature seed coat. The inner integument usual...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Botanical Studies |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-023-00400-0 |
| _version_ | 1797577344736559104 |
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| author | Yung-I. Lee Edward C. Yeung |
| author_facet | Yung-I. Lee Edward C. Yeung |
| author_sort | Yung-I. Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Orchid seeds are 'dust-like.' The seed coat is usually thin, with only one to a few cell layers. It originates from the integuments formed during ovule development. In orchids, the outer integument is primarily responsible for forming a mature seed coat. The inner integument usually fails to develop after fertilization, becomes compressed, and collapses over the expanding embryo. Hence, the seed coat is formed from the funiculus, chalaza, and outer integumentary cells. The outermost layer of the seed coat, the testa, is lignified, usually at the radial and inner tangential walls. The subepidermal thin-walled layer(s), the tegmen, subsequently cold, resulting in seeds having only a single layer of seed coat cells. In some species, cells of the inner integument remain alive with the ability to synthesize and accumulate lipidic and or phenolic compounds in their walls covering the embryo. This cover is called the 'carapace,' a protective shield contributing to the embryo's added protection. A developmental and functional perspective of the integuments and seed coat during seed development and germination is presented in this review. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:07:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f7427c298454428a9b655ba6ac413504 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-3110 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:07:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Botanical Studies |
| spelling | doaj.art-f7427c298454428a9b655ba6ac4135042023-11-19T12:46:06ZengSpringerOpenBotanical Studies1999-31102023-09-0164111510.1186/s40529-023-00400-0The orchid seed coat: a developmental and functional perspectiveYung-I. Lee0Edward C. Yeung1Department of Life Science, National Taiwan UniversityDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of CalgaryAbstract Orchid seeds are 'dust-like.' The seed coat is usually thin, with only one to a few cell layers. It originates from the integuments formed during ovule development. In orchids, the outer integument is primarily responsible for forming a mature seed coat. The inner integument usually fails to develop after fertilization, becomes compressed, and collapses over the expanding embryo. Hence, the seed coat is formed from the funiculus, chalaza, and outer integumentary cells. The outermost layer of the seed coat, the testa, is lignified, usually at the radial and inner tangential walls. The subepidermal thin-walled layer(s), the tegmen, subsequently cold, resulting in seeds having only a single layer of seed coat cells. In some species, cells of the inner integument remain alive with the ability to synthesize and accumulate lipidic and or phenolic compounds in their walls covering the embryo. This cover is called the 'carapace,' a protective shield contributing to the embryo's added protection. A developmental and functional perspective of the integuments and seed coat during seed development and germination is presented in this review.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-023-00400-0Inner and outer integumentUnitegmic integumentBitegmic integumentSeed coatCarapaceEmbryo |
| spellingShingle | Yung-I. Lee Edward C. Yeung The orchid seed coat: a developmental and functional perspective Botanical Studies Inner and outer integument Unitegmic integument Bitegmic integument Seed coat Carapace Embryo |
| title | The orchid seed coat: a developmental and functional perspective |
| title_full | The orchid seed coat: a developmental and functional perspective |
| title_fullStr | The orchid seed coat: a developmental and functional perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed | The orchid seed coat: a developmental and functional perspective |
| title_short | The orchid seed coat: a developmental and functional perspective |
| title_sort | orchid seed coat a developmental and functional perspective |
| topic | Inner and outer integument Unitegmic integument Bitegmic integument Seed coat Carapace Embryo |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-023-00400-0 |
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