Sustainable Chitosan/Polybenzoxazine Films: Synergistically Improved Thermal, Mechanical, and Antimicrobial Properties
Polybenzoxazines (Pbzs) are considered as an advanced class of thermosetting phenolic resins as they overcome the shortcomings associated with novolac and resole type phenolic resins. Several advantages of these materials include curing without the use of catalysts, release of non-toxic by-products...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/4/1021 |
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| author | Thirukumaran Periyasamy Shakila Parveen Asrafali Chaitany Jayprakash Raorane Vinit Raj Divya Shastri Seong-Cheol Kim |
| author_facet | Thirukumaran Periyasamy Shakila Parveen Asrafali Chaitany Jayprakash Raorane Vinit Raj Divya Shastri Seong-Cheol Kim |
| author_sort | Thirukumaran Periyasamy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Polybenzoxazines (Pbzs) are considered as an advanced class of thermosetting phenolic resins as they overcome the shortcomings associated with novolac and resole type phenolic resins. Several advantages of these materials include curing without the use of catalysts, release of non-toxic by-products during curing, molecular design flexibility, near-zero shrinkage of the cured materials, low water absorption and so on. In spite of all these advantages, the brittleness of Pbz is a knotty problem that could be solved by blending with other polymers. Chitosan (Ch), has been extensively investigated in this context, but its thermal and mechanical properties rule out its practical applications. The purpose of this work is to fabricate an entirely bio-based Pbz films by blending chitosan with benzoxazine (Bzo), which is synthesized from curcumin and furfuryl amine (curcumin-furfurylamine-based Bzo, C-fu), by making use of a benign Schiff base chemistry. FT-IR and <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectroscopy were used to confirm the structure of C-fu. The impact of chitosan on benzoxazine polymerization was examined using FT-IR and DSC analyses. Further evidence for synergistic interactions was provided by DSC, SEM, TGA, and tensile testing. By incorporating C-fu into Ch, Ch-grafted-poly(C-fu) films were obtained with enhanced chemical resistance and tensile strength. The bio-based polymer films produced inhibited the growth of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>, by reversible labile linkages, expanding Ch galleries, and releasing phenolic species, which was 125 times stronger than bare Ch. In addition, synthesized polybenzoxazine films [Ch/Poly(C-fu)] showed significant dose-dependent antibiofilm activity against <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli</i> as determined by confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). This study suggests that bio-based Ch-graft-polymer material provide improved anti-bacterial property and characteristics that may be considered as a possibility in the near future for wound healing and implant applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:14:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f7a124ba2e924529abbfeeed13e5783d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:14:23Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-f7a124ba2e924529abbfeeed13e5783d2023-11-16T22:53:04ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-02-01154102110.3390/polym15041021Sustainable Chitosan/Polybenzoxazine Films: Synergistically Improved Thermal, Mechanical, and Antimicrobial PropertiesThirukumaran Periyasamy0Shakila Parveen Asrafali1Chaitany Jayprakash Raorane2Vinit Raj3Divya Shastri4Seong-Cheol Kim5School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaSchool of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaSchool of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaSchool of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaSchool of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaSchool of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of KoreaPolybenzoxazines (Pbzs) are considered as an advanced class of thermosetting phenolic resins as they overcome the shortcomings associated with novolac and resole type phenolic resins. Several advantages of these materials include curing without the use of catalysts, release of non-toxic by-products during curing, molecular design flexibility, near-zero shrinkage of the cured materials, low water absorption and so on. In spite of all these advantages, the brittleness of Pbz is a knotty problem that could be solved by blending with other polymers. Chitosan (Ch), has been extensively investigated in this context, but its thermal and mechanical properties rule out its practical applications. The purpose of this work is to fabricate an entirely bio-based Pbz films by blending chitosan with benzoxazine (Bzo), which is synthesized from curcumin and furfuryl amine (curcumin-furfurylamine-based Bzo, C-fu), by making use of a benign Schiff base chemistry. FT-IR and <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectroscopy were used to confirm the structure of C-fu. The impact of chitosan on benzoxazine polymerization was examined using FT-IR and DSC analyses. Further evidence for synergistic interactions was provided by DSC, SEM, TGA, and tensile testing. By incorporating C-fu into Ch, Ch-grafted-poly(C-fu) films were obtained with enhanced chemical resistance and tensile strength. The bio-based polymer films produced inhibited the growth of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>, by reversible labile linkages, expanding Ch galleries, and releasing phenolic species, which was 125 times stronger than bare Ch. In addition, synthesized polybenzoxazine films [Ch/Poly(C-fu)] showed significant dose-dependent antibiofilm activity against <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli</i> as determined by confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). This study suggests that bio-based Ch-graft-polymer material provide improved anti-bacterial property and characteristics that may be considered as a possibility in the near future for wound healing and implant applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/4/1021polybenzoxazinebiopolymerring-opening polymerizationantibacterialantibiofilm activity |
| spellingShingle | Thirukumaran Periyasamy Shakila Parveen Asrafali Chaitany Jayprakash Raorane Vinit Raj Divya Shastri Seong-Cheol Kim Sustainable Chitosan/Polybenzoxazine Films: Synergistically Improved Thermal, Mechanical, and Antimicrobial Properties Polymers polybenzoxazine biopolymer ring-opening polymerization antibacterial antibiofilm activity |
| title | Sustainable Chitosan/Polybenzoxazine Films: Synergistically Improved Thermal, Mechanical, and Antimicrobial Properties |
| title_full | Sustainable Chitosan/Polybenzoxazine Films: Synergistically Improved Thermal, Mechanical, and Antimicrobial Properties |
| title_fullStr | Sustainable Chitosan/Polybenzoxazine Films: Synergistically Improved Thermal, Mechanical, and Antimicrobial Properties |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainable Chitosan/Polybenzoxazine Films: Synergistically Improved Thermal, Mechanical, and Antimicrobial Properties |
| title_short | Sustainable Chitosan/Polybenzoxazine Films: Synergistically Improved Thermal, Mechanical, and Antimicrobial Properties |
| title_sort | sustainable chitosan polybenzoxazine films synergistically improved thermal mechanical and antimicrobial properties |
| topic | polybenzoxazine biopolymer ring-opening polymerization antibacterial antibiofilm activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/4/1021 |
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