Etiology, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of Back Pain in Children and Adolescents: Evidence- and Consensus-Based Interdisciplinary Recommendations
Using a structured approach and expert consensus, we developed an evidence-based guideline on the diagnosis of back pain and the treatment of non-specific back pain in children and adolescents. The first part comprises etiology, risk factors, and diagnosis. The second part, published in the same iss...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Children |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/2/192 |
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| author | Michael Frosch Maximilian D. Mauritz Stefan Bielack Susanne Blödt Uta Dirksen Michael Dobe Florian Geiger Renate Häfner Lea Höfel Bettina Hübner-Möhler Thekla von Kalle Burkhard Lawrenz Andreas Leutner Frauke Mecher Kiril Mladenov Heike Norda Lorin Stahlschmidt Marc Steinborn Ralf Stücker Ralf Trauzeddel Regina Trollmann Julia Wager Boris Zernikow |
| author_facet | Michael Frosch Maximilian D. Mauritz Stefan Bielack Susanne Blödt Uta Dirksen Michael Dobe Florian Geiger Renate Häfner Lea Höfel Bettina Hübner-Möhler Thekla von Kalle Burkhard Lawrenz Andreas Leutner Frauke Mecher Kiril Mladenov Heike Norda Lorin Stahlschmidt Marc Steinborn Ralf Stücker Ralf Trauzeddel Regina Trollmann Julia Wager Boris Zernikow |
| author_sort | Michael Frosch |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Using a structured approach and expert consensus, we developed an evidence-based guideline on the diagnosis of back pain and the treatment of non-specific back pain in children and adolescents. The first part comprises etiology, risk factors, and diagnosis. The second part, published in the same issue, includes treatment and prevention. A comprehensive and systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant guidelines and studies. Based on the findings of this literature search, recommendations on risk factors and diagnosis were formulated and voted on by experts in a structured consensus-building process. Notable red flags for specific back pain and evidence-based risk factors for non-specific back pain in children and adolescents were identified. Only three evidence-based recommendations could be formulated for causes, red flags, and risk factors for back pain, while two recommendations are based on expert consensus. Regarding diagnostics, eight expert consensus recommendations and one evidence-based recommendation could be provided. Despite the importance of adequate diagnosis for the treatment of back pain in children and adolescents, results of this work confirm the deficit in research investment in this area. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:18:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f7a6d2598c884f49909a7f52e6b7b3bf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:18:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Children |
| spelling | doaj.art-f7a6d2598c884f49909a7f52e6b7b3bf2023-11-23T19:19:01ZengMDPI AGChildren2227-90672022-02-019219210.3390/children9020192Etiology, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of Back Pain in Children and Adolescents: Evidence- and Consensus-Based Interdisciplinary RecommendationsMichael Frosch0Maximilian D. Mauritz1Stefan Bielack2Susanne Blödt3Uta Dirksen4Michael Dobe5Florian Geiger6Renate Häfner7Lea Höfel8Bettina Hübner-Möhler9Thekla von Kalle10Burkhard Lawrenz11Andreas Leutner12Frauke Mecher13Kiril Mladenov14Heike Norda15Lorin Stahlschmidt16Marc Steinborn17Ralf Stücker18Ralf Trauzeddel19Regina Trollmann20Julia Wager21Boris Zernikow22German Paediatric Pain Centre, Children′s and Adolescents′ Hospital, 45711 Datteln, GermanyGerman Paediatric Pain Centre, Children′s and Adolescents′ Hospital, 45711 Datteln, GermanyKlinikum Stuttgart, Olgahospital, Stuttgart Cancer Center, Center for Pediatric, Adolescent and Women’s Medicine, Pediatrics 5 (Oncology, Hematology, Immunology), 70174 Stuttgart, GermanyArbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften—Institut für Medizinisches Wissensmanagement (AWMF-IMWI), Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, GermanyPediatrics III, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, GermanyGerman Paediatric Pain Centre, Children′s and Adolescents′ Hospital, 45711 Datteln, GermanySpine Center, Hessing Foundation, 86199 Augsburg, GermanyGerman Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology and Center for Pain Therapy for Young People, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, GermanyGerman Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology and Center for Pain Therapy for Young People, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, GermanyGerman Paediatric Pain Centre, Children′s and Adolescents′ Hospital, 45711 Datteln, GermanyDepartment of Pediatric Radiology, Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, GermanyPrivate Practice for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 59821 Arnsberg, GermanyDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Center Dortmund, 44137 Dortmund, GermanyPhysio Deutschland, German Federal Association for Physiotherapy, 50679 Cologne, GermanyDepartment of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Hamburg-Altona, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22763 Hamburg, GermanySchmerzLOS e.V. (Patient Advocacy Group), 23556 Lubeck, GermanyGerman Paediatric Pain Centre, Children′s and Adolescents′ Hospital, 45711 Datteln, GermanyDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, München Klinik Schwabing, 80804 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Hamburg-Altona, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22763 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology, Helios Klinik Berlin-Buch, 13125 Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Neuropaediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, GermanyGerman Paediatric Pain Centre, Children′s and Adolescents′ Hospital, 45711 Datteln, GermanyGerman Paediatric Pain Centre, Children′s and Adolescents′ Hospital, 45711 Datteln, GermanyUsing a structured approach and expert consensus, we developed an evidence-based guideline on the diagnosis of back pain and the treatment of non-specific back pain in children and adolescents. The first part comprises etiology, risk factors, and diagnosis. The second part, published in the same issue, includes treatment and prevention. A comprehensive and systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant guidelines and studies. Based on the findings of this literature search, recommendations on risk factors and diagnosis were formulated and voted on by experts in a structured consensus-building process. Notable red flags for specific back pain and evidence-based risk factors for non-specific back pain in children and adolescents were identified. Only three evidence-based recommendations could be formulated for causes, red flags, and risk factors for back pain, while two recommendations are based on expert consensus. Regarding diagnostics, eight expert consensus recommendations and one evidence-based recommendation could be provided. Despite the importance of adequate diagnosis for the treatment of back pain in children and adolescents, results of this work confirm the deficit in research investment in this area.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/2/192guidelineback painetiologyrisk factorsdiagnosischildren |
| spellingShingle | Michael Frosch Maximilian D. Mauritz Stefan Bielack Susanne Blödt Uta Dirksen Michael Dobe Florian Geiger Renate Häfner Lea Höfel Bettina Hübner-Möhler Thekla von Kalle Burkhard Lawrenz Andreas Leutner Frauke Mecher Kiril Mladenov Heike Norda Lorin Stahlschmidt Marc Steinborn Ralf Stücker Ralf Trauzeddel Regina Trollmann Julia Wager Boris Zernikow Etiology, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of Back Pain in Children and Adolescents: Evidence- and Consensus-Based Interdisciplinary Recommendations Children guideline back pain etiology risk factors diagnosis children |
| title | Etiology, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of Back Pain in Children and Adolescents: Evidence- and Consensus-Based Interdisciplinary Recommendations |
| title_full | Etiology, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of Back Pain in Children and Adolescents: Evidence- and Consensus-Based Interdisciplinary Recommendations |
| title_fullStr | Etiology, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of Back Pain in Children and Adolescents: Evidence- and Consensus-Based Interdisciplinary Recommendations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Etiology, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of Back Pain in Children and Adolescents: Evidence- and Consensus-Based Interdisciplinary Recommendations |
| title_short | Etiology, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of Back Pain in Children and Adolescents: Evidence- and Consensus-Based Interdisciplinary Recommendations |
| title_sort | etiology risk factors and diagnosis of back pain in children and adolescents evidence and consensus based interdisciplinary recommendations |
| topic | guideline back pain etiology risk factors diagnosis children |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/2/192 |
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