Detection and Quantification of Acrylamide in Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Using a Novel LC-MS/MS Technique to Determine Whether High Acrylamide Content during Pregnancy Is Associated with Fetal Growth
Introduction: Acrylamide, an organic compound, is, chemically speaking, a vinyl-substituted primary amide. It is produced industrially, principally as a precursor to polyacrylamides, for use in such products as plastics and cosmetics. This same compound, however, forms naturally in certain foods, bo...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/12/11/1425 |
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| author | Nikolaos Vrachnis Nikolaos Loukas Nikolaos Antonakopoulos Niki Maragou Marios Kostakis Aliki Tsakni Dionysios Vrachnis Despina Vougiouklaki Nikolaos Machairiotis Arhodoula Chatzilazarou Dimitra Houhoula Rozeta Sokou Sofoklis Stavros Peter Drakakis George Mastorakos Zoi Iliodromiti |
| author_facet | Nikolaos Vrachnis Nikolaos Loukas Nikolaos Antonakopoulos Niki Maragou Marios Kostakis Aliki Tsakni Dionysios Vrachnis Despina Vougiouklaki Nikolaos Machairiotis Arhodoula Chatzilazarou Dimitra Houhoula Rozeta Sokou Sofoklis Stavros Peter Drakakis George Mastorakos Zoi Iliodromiti |
| author_sort | Nikolaos Vrachnis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Acrylamide, an organic compound, is, chemically speaking, a vinyl-substituted primary amide. It is produced industrially, principally as a precursor to polyacrylamides, for use in such products as plastics and cosmetics. This same compound, however, forms naturally in certain foods, both home-cooked and packaged, especially when prepared at high temperatures. We developed and validated a novel reliable technique for the determination of acrylamide in amniotic fluid. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is a targeted mass spectrometry (MS) technique which enables the detection and quantification of particular molecules in a complex mixture. Thanks to its throughput, selectivity, and sensitivity, MRM-MS has been identified as offering an alternative to antibody-based studies for the purpose of biomarker verification. Our aim was to investigate the presence of acrylamide in amniotic fluid and, via the MRM-MS technique, to determine whether there is any correlation between maternal exposure to acrylamide, through a woman’s diet, and fetal growth. Methods: Our amniotic fluid bank included 40 samples from various fetal growth rates, as objectively denoted by the neonatal weight centile at delivery, while our analytical detection method was based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Acrylamide was determined with reversed phase chromatography and monitoring of two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions. Quantification was performed using the matrix-matched calibration curve. Results: Acrylamide was detected at concentrations between 7.1 and 1468 ng/mL in six out of the total of 40 amniotic fluid samples that were used. Our method limit of detection and quantification was 1.4 ng/mL and 4.6 ng/mL, respectively. The repeatability of our method ranged between 11 and 14%, expressed as relative standard deviation levels between 5 and 100 ng/mL. Conclusions: Detection of acrylamide in early second trimester amniotic fluid, for the first time in the literature to our knowledge, raises concerns about fetal health, given that published data on animal studies have attributed a number of birth defects to acrylamide. Our novel LC-MS/MS method for the determination of acrylamide in amniotic fluid proved to be effective and its performance in practice was very accurate, simple, and fast. Validation of the method revealed that the use of a matrix-matched curve is necessary for the quantification. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:01:07Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:01:07Z |
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| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-f7cc926c3e034ce0abf7f6fd5a85fbe42023-11-24T14:30:23ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372023-11-011211142510.3390/biology12111425Detection and Quantification of Acrylamide in Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Using a Novel LC-MS/MS Technique to Determine Whether High Acrylamide Content during Pregnancy Is Associated with Fetal GrowthNikolaos Vrachnis0Nikolaos Loukas1Nikolaos Antonakopoulos2Niki Maragou3Marios Kostakis4Aliki Tsakni5Dionysios Vrachnis6Despina Vougiouklaki7Nikolaos Machairiotis8Arhodoula Chatzilazarou9Dimitra Houhoula10Rozeta Sokou11Sofoklis Stavros12Peter Drakakis13George Mastorakos14Zoi Iliodromiti15Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital “Attikon”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tzaneio General Hospital, 18536 Piraeus, GreeceThird Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital “Attikon”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, GreeceMedical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, GreeceThird Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital “Attikon”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Wine, Vine and Beverage Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, GreeceDepartment of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, GreeceNeonatal Intensive Care Unit, “Agios Panteleimon” General Hospital of Nikea, 18454 Nikea, GreeceThird Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital “Attikon”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, GreeceThird Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General University Hospital “Attikon”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, GreeceUnit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, GreeceNeonatal Department, Aretaieio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11526 Athens, GreeceIntroduction: Acrylamide, an organic compound, is, chemically speaking, a vinyl-substituted primary amide. It is produced industrially, principally as a precursor to polyacrylamides, for use in such products as plastics and cosmetics. This same compound, however, forms naturally in certain foods, both home-cooked and packaged, especially when prepared at high temperatures. We developed and validated a novel reliable technique for the determination of acrylamide in amniotic fluid. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is a targeted mass spectrometry (MS) technique which enables the detection and quantification of particular molecules in a complex mixture. Thanks to its throughput, selectivity, and sensitivity, MRM-MS has been identified as offering an alternative to antibody-based studies for the purpose of biomarker verification. Our aim was to investigate the presence of acrylamide in amniotic fluid and, via the MRM-MS technique, to determine whether there is any correlation between maternal exposure to acrylamide, through a woman’s diet, and fetal growth. Methods: Our amniotic fluid bank included 40 samples from various fetal growth rates, as objectively denoted by the neonatal weight centile at delivery, while our analytical detection method was based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Acrylamide was determined with reversed phase chromatography and monitoring of two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions. Quantification was performed using the matrix-matched calibration curve. Results: Acrylamide was detected at concentrations between 7.1 and 1468 ng/mL in six out of the total of 40 amniotic fluid samples that were used. Our method limit of detection and quantification was 1.4 ng/mL and 4.6 ng/mL, respectively. The repeatability of our method ranged between 11 and 14%, expressed as relative standard deviation levels between 5 and 100 ng/mL. Conclusions: Detection of acrylamide in early second trimester amniotic fluid, for the first time in the literature to our knowledge, raises concerns about fetal health, given that published data on animal studies have attributed a number of birth defects to acrylamide. Our novel LC-MS/MS method for the determination of acrylamide in amniotic fluid proved to be effective and its performance in practice was very accurate, simple, and fast. Validation of the method revealed that the use of a matrix-matched curve is necessary for the quantification.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/12/11/1425acrylamidefood contaminantdietary exposureliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryLC-MS/MSnovel technique |
| spellingShingle | Nikolaos Vrachnis Nikolaos Loukas Nikolaos Antonakopoulos Niki Maragou Marios Kostakis Aliki Tsakni Dionysios Vrachnis Despina Vougiouklaki Nikolaos Machairiotis Arhodoula Chatzilazarou Dimitra Houhoula Rozeta Sokou Sofoklis Stavros Peter Drakakis George Mastorakos Zoi Iliodromiti Detection and Quantification of Acrylamide in Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Using a Novel LC-MS/MS Technique to Determine Whether High Acrylamide Content during Pregnancy Is Associated with Fetal Growth Biology acrylamide food contaminant dietary exposure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS novel technique |
| title | Detection and Quantification of Acrylamide in Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Using a Novel LC-MS/MS Technique to Determine Whether High Acrylamide Content during Pregnancy Is Associated with Fetal Growth |
| title_full | Detection and Quantification of Acrylamide in Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Using a Novel LC-MS/MS Technique to Determine Whether High Acrylamide Content during Pregnancy Is Associated with Fetal Growth |
| title_fullStr | Detection and Quantification of Acrylamide in Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Using a Novel LC-MS/MS Technique to Determine Whether High Acrylamide Content during Pregnancy Is Associated with Fetal Growth |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detection and Quantification of Acrylamide in Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Using a Novel LC-MS/MS Technique to Determine Whether High Acrylamide Content during Pregnancy Is Associated with Fetal Growth |
| title_short | Detection and Quantification of Acrylamide in Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid Using a Novel LC-MS/MS Technique to Determine Whether High Acrylamide Content during Pregnancy Is Associated with Fetal Growth |
| title_sort | detection and quantification of acrylamide in second trimester amniotic fluid using a novel lc ms ms technique to determine whether high acrylamide content during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth |
| topic | acrylamide food contaminant dietary exposure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS novel technique |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/12/11/1425 |
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