Water Budget of Urban Turf Field and Optimal Irrigation Schedule Simulation in an Ecotone between Semi-Humid and Semi-Arid Regions, Northern China
Water security in the ecotone between semi-humid and semi-arid regions (EHA) is very vulnerable and sensitive to climate change and human interferences. Urban turf irrigation is a primary consumer of urban water resources in the EHA, which places huge pressures on water security by substantial irrig...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/1/273 |
| _version_ | 1827629378476965888 |
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| author | Hongjuan Zhang Jianjun Wang Mengzhu Liu Yanjun Shen Hongwei Pei |
| author_facet | Hongjuan Zhang Jianjun Wang Mengzhu Liu Yanjun Shen Hongwei Pei |
| author_sort | Hongjuan Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Water security in the ecotone between semi-humid and semi-arid regions (EHA) is very vulnerable and sensitive to climate change and human interferences. Urban turf irrigation is a primary consumer of urban water resources in the EHA, which places huge pressures on water security by substantial irrigated water use due to the expansion of urban turf planting. Based on a 2-year (2020–2021) turf experiment in Zhangjiakou City, a typical water-deficit city in the EHA of northern China, the water budget for turf was measured and analyzed. Furthermore, the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) was employed to evaluate the optimal irrigation scheme for turf. The results showed that the average volumetric water content in the 0–40 cm soil layer was maintained above 23% in 2020–2021. The evapotranspiration in growth period of turf accounted for more than 70% of the annual evapotranspiration, and the deep seepage in turf soil accounted for 49.67% and 60.28% of the total precipitation and irrigation in 2020 and 2021, respectively, during the vigorous growth period of the turf from May to September. The calibrated RZWQM2 showed a robust ability to simulate the water changes in turf. The d-values (consistency index) between the simulated and observed volumetric water contents and evapotranspiration were both greater than 0.90. In the aspects of irrigation scenarios, the T<sub>60%-12</sub> scenario (T<sub>A-B</sub>, where A is 100%, 80%, 60% or 40% of the total irrigation amount and B is the number of irrigation events corresponding to A) was determined as the best irrigation schedule in our study area because of lower evapotranspiration, seepage and higher turf soil water storage under this irrigation scenario, also resulting from the comparison of different irrigation scenarios using the entropy-weight-TOPSIS method. In such an optimal scenario, T<sub>60%-12</sub> irrigation treatment reduced the irrigated water requirement of turf by 40% (142.06 mm) and the seepage amount by 28.07% (39.05 mm), and had the lowest negative impacts on the turf growth. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:49:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f7d142072adb4922b43a7018ee6c4ec3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:49:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-f7d142072adb4922b43a7018ee6c4ec32023-11-30T20:52:20ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-01-0113127310.3390/agronomy13010273Water Budget of Urban Turf Field and Optimal Irrigation Schedule Simulation in an Ecotone between Semi-Humid and Semi-Arid Regions, Northern ChinaHongjuan Zhang0Jianjun Wang1Mengzhu Liu2Yanjun Shen3Hongwei Pei4Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou 075000, ChinaDepartment of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou 075000, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, ChinaKey Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, ChinaDepartment of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou 075000, ChinaWater security in the ecotone between semi-humid and semi-arid regions (EHA) is very vulnerable and sensitive to climate change and human interferences. Urban turf irrigation is a primary consumer of urban water resources in the EHA, which places huge pressures on water security by substantial irrigated water use due to the expansion of urban turf planting. Based on a 2-year (2020–2021) turf experiment in Zhangjiakou City, a typical water-deficit city in the EHA of northern China, the water budget for turf was measured and analyzed. Furthermore, the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) was employed to evaluate the optimal irrigation scheme for turf. The results showed that the average volumetric water content in the 0–40 cm soil layer was maintained above 23% in 2020–2021. The evapotranspiration in growth period of turf accounted for more than 70% of the annual evapotranspiration, and the deep seepage in turf soil accounted for 49.67% and 60.28% of the total precipitation and irrigation in 2020 and 2021, respectively, during the vigorous growth period of the turf from May to September. The calibrated RZWQM2 showed a robust ability to simulate the water changes in turf. The d-values (consistency index) between the simulated and observed volumetric water contents and evapotranspiration were both greater than 0.90. In the aspects of irrigation scenarios, the T<sub>60%-12</sub> scenario (T<sub>A-B</sub>, where A is 100%, 80%, 60% or 40% of the total irrigation amount and B is the number of irrigation events corresponding to A) was determined as the best irrigation schedule in our study area because of lower evapotranspiration, seepage and higher turf soil water storage under this irrigation scenario, also resulting from the comparison of different irrigation scenarios using the entropy-weight-TOPSIS method. In such an optimal scenario, T<sub>60%-12</sub> irrigation treatment reduced the irrigated water requirement of turf by 40% (142.06 mm) and the seepage amount by 28.07% (39.05 mm), and had the lowest negative impacts on the turf growth.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/1/273RZWQM2urban turfapplicabilityirrigation schedule |
| spellingShingle | Hongjuan Zhang Jianjun Wang Mengzhu Liu Yanjun Shen Hongwei Pei Water Budget of Urban Turf Field and Optimal Irrigation Schedule Simulation in an Ecotone between Semi-Humid and Semi-Arid Regions, Northern China Agronomy RZWQM2 urban turf applicability irrigation schedule |
| title | Water Budget of Urban Turf Field and Optimal Irrigation Schedule Simulation in an Ecotone between Semi-Humid and Semi-Arid Regions, Northern China |
| title_full | Water Budget of Urban Turf Field and Optimal Irrigation Schedule Simulation in an Ecotone between Semi-Humid and Semi-Arid Regions, Northern China |
| title_fullStr | Water Budget of Urban Turf Field and Optimal Irrigation Schedule Simulation in an Ecotone between Semi-Humid and Semi-Arid Regions, Northern China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Water Budget of Urban Turf Field and Optimal Irrigation Schedule Simulation in an Ecotone between Semi-Humid and Semi-Arid Regions, Northern China |
| title_short | Water Budget of Urban Turf Field and Optimal Irrigation Schedule Simulation in an Ecotone between Semi-Humid and Semi-Arid Regions, Northern China |
| title_sort | water budget of urban turf field and optimal irrigation schedule simulation in an ecotone between semi humid and semi arid regions northern china |
| topic | RZWQM2 urban turf applicability irrigation schedule |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/1/273 |
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