Overview of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Response Six Months after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine
Background: We have designed a prospective study aiming to monitor the immune response in 178 health care workers six months after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Methods: The humoral immune response of all subjects was evaluated by chemiluminescence (CMIA); in 60 serum samples, a live virus-based neutra...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/2/171 |
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| author | Claudia Gandolfo Gabriele Anichini Marco Mugnaini Monica Bocchia Chiara Terrosi Anna Sicuranza Gianni Gori Savellini Alessandro Gozzetti Federico Franchi Maria Grazia Cusi |
| author_facet | Claudia Gandolfo Gabriele Anichini Marco Mugnaini Monica Bocchia Chiara Terrosi Anna Sicuranza Gianni Gori Savellini Alessandro Gozzetti Federico Franchi Maria Grazia Cusi |
| author_sort | Claudia Gandolfo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: We have designed a prospective study aiming to monitor the immune response in 178 health care workers six months after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Methods: The humoral immune response of all subjects was evaluated by chemiluminescence (CMIA); in 60 serum samples, a live virus-based neutralization assay was also tested. Moreover, 6 months after vaccination, B- and T-cell subsets from 20 subjects were observed by FACS analysis after restimulation with the trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein as an antigen, thus mimicking reinfection in vitro. Results: A significant decrease of circulating IgG levels and neutralizing antibodies over time were observed. Moreover, six months after vaccination, a variable T-cell immune response after in vitro antigen stimulation of PBMC was observed. On the contrary, the analysis of B-cell response showed a shift from unswitched to switched memory B-cells and an increase of Th17 cells. Conclusions: Although the variability of the CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> immune response and an antibody decline was observed among vaccinated subjects, the increase of switched memory B-cells and Th17 cells, correlating with the presence of neutralizing antibodies, opened the debate on the correct timing of vaccination. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:55:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f7f4772665b54fc9a174c885edf04695 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:55:03Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-f7f4772665b54fc9a174c885edf046952023-11-23T22:24:41ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2022-01-0110217110.3390/vaccines10020171Overview of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Response Six Months after BNT162b2 mRNA VaccineClaudia Gandolfo0Gabriele Anichini1Marco Mugnaini2Monica Bocchia3Chiara Terrosi4Anna Sicuranza5Gianni Gori Savellini6Alessandro Gozzetti7Federico Franchi8Maria Grazia Cusi9Virology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Azienda, Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, V. le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, ItalyVirology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Azienda, Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, V. le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Information Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, ItalyHematology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Azienda, Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, V. le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, ItalyVirology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Azienda, Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, V. le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, ItalyHematology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Azienda, Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, V. le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, ItalyVirology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Azienda, Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, V. le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, ItalyHematology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Azienda, Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, V. le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, ItalyAnesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, ItalyVirology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Azienda, Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, V. le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, ItalyBackground: We have designed a prospective study aiming to monitor the immune response in 178 health care workers six months after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Methods: The humoral immune response of all subjects was evaluated by chemiluminescence (CMIA); in 60 serum samples, a live virus-based neutralization assay was also tested. Moreover, 6 months after vaccination, B- and T-cell subsets from 20 subjects were observed by FACS analysis after restimulation with the trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein as an antigen, thus mimicking reinfection in vitro. Results: A significant decrease of circulating IgG levels and neutralizing antibodies over time were observed. Moreover, six months after vaccination, a variable T-cell immune response after in vitro antigen stimulation of PBMC was observed. On the contrary, the analysis of B-cell response showed a shift from unswitched to switched memory B-cells and an increase of Th17 cells. Conclusions: Although the variability of the CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> immune response and an antibody decline was observed among vaccinated subjects, the increase of switched memory B-cells and Th17 cells, correlating with the presence of neutralizing antibodies, opened the debate on the correct timing of vaccination.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/2/171SARS-CoV-2BNT162b2 mRNA vaccinehumoral immunitycellular immunityfuzzy system |
| spellingShingle | Claudia Gandolfo Gabriele Anichini Marco Mugnaini Monica Bocchia Chiara Terrosi Anna Sicuranza Gianni Gori Savellini Alessandro Gozzetti Federico Franchi Maria Grazia Cusi Overview of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Response Six Months after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Vaccines SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine humoral immunity cellular immunity fuzzy system |
| title | Overview of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Response Six Months after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine |
| title_full | Overview of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Response Six Months after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine |
| title_fullStr | Overview of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Response Six Months after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Overview of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Response Six Months after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine |
| title_short | Overview of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Response Six Months after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine |
| title_sort | overview of anti sars cov 2 immune response six months after bnt162b2 mrna vaccine |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine humoral immunity cellular immunity fuzzy system |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/2/171 |
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