Transformation of Pb, Cd, and Zn Minerals Using Phosphates
Heavy metal contamination in soils has become one of the most critical environmental issues. The most efficient in-situ remediation technique is chemical immobilization that uses cost-effective soil amendments such as phosphate compounds to decrease Pb, Cd and Zn accessibility in the contaminated so...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Minerals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/10/4/342 |
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| author | Magdalena Andrunik Magdalena Wołowiec Daniel Wojnarski Sylwia Zelek-Pogudz Tomasz Bajda |
| author_facet | Magdalena Andrunik Magdalena Wołowiec Daniel Wojnarski Sylwia Zelek-Pogudz Tomasz Bajda |
| author_sort | Magdalena Andrunik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Heavy metal contamination in soils has become one of the most critical environmental issues. The most efficient in-situ remediation technique is chemical immobilization that uses cost-effective soil amendments such as phosphate compounds to decrease Pb, Cd and Zn accessibility in the contaminated soils. The present study examined the effectiveness of KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> in immobilizing Pb, Cd and Zn in three samples of contaminated soils collected from ZGH “Bolesław” (Mining and Smelting Plant “Bolesław”). Effectiveness was evaluated using the following methods: a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)-based experiment, sequential extraction, X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The most efficient percentage reduction of total leachable metal concentration assessed by TCLP was observed for lead (50%–80%), and the least reduction was observed for zinc (1%–17%). The most effective immobilization of stable compounds assessed by sequential extraction was noted for lead, while the weakest immobilization was noted for cadmium. New insoluble mineral phases were identified by SEM-EDS analysis. Cd, Zn, and Pb formed new stable mineral substances with phosphates. The predominant crystal forms were dripstones and groups of needles, which were easily formed by dissolved carbon rock surfaces containing zinc ions. The alkaline nature of the soil and a large number of carbonates mainly influenced the formation of new structures. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:32:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f812191de68f49dc94e9ce2ed65a5c56 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-163X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:32:31Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Minerals |
| spelling | doaj.art-f812191de68f49dc94e9ce2ed65a5c562023-11-19T21:18:04ZengMDPI AGMinerals2075-163X2020-04-0110434210.3390/min10040342Transformation of Pb, Cd, and Zn Minerals Using PhosphatesMagdalena Andrunik0Magdalena Wołowiec1Daniel Wojnarski2Sylwia Zelek-Pogudz3Tomasz Bajda4Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, PolandFaculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, PolandFaculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, PolandFaculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, PolandFaculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, PolandHeavy metal contamination in soils has become one of the most critical environmental issues. The most efficient in-situ remediation technique is chemical immobilization that uses cost-effective soil amendments such as phosphate compounds to decrease Pb, Cd and Zn accessibility in the contaminated soils. The present study examined the effectiveness of KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> in immobilizing Pb, Cd and Zn in three samples of contaminated soils collected from ZGH “Bolesław” (Mining and Smelting Plant “Bolesław”). Effectiveness was evaluated using the following methods: a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)-based experiment, sequential extraction, X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The most efficient percentage reduction of total leachable metal concentration assessed by TCLP was observed for lead (50%–80%), and the least reduction was observed for zinc (1%–17%). The most effective immobilization of stable compounds assessed by sequential extraction was noted for lead, while the weakest immobilization was noted for cadmium. New insoluble mineral phases were identified by SEM-EDS analysis. Cd, Zn, and Pb formed new stable mineral substances with phosphates. The predominant crystal forms were dripstones and groups of needles, which were easily formed by dissolved carbon rock surfaces containing zinc ions. The alkaline nature of the soil and a large number of carbonates mainly influenced the formation of new structures.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/10/4/342immobilizationheavy metal-contaminated soilsoil remediationTCLP |
| spellingShingle | Magdalena Andrunik Magdalena Wołowiec Daniel Wojnarski Sylwia Zelek-Pogudz Tomasz Bajda Transformation of Pb, Cd, and Zn Minerals Using Phosphates Minerals immobilization heavy metal-contaminated soil soil remediation TCLP |
| title | Transformation of Pb, Cd, and Zn Minerals Using Phosphates |
| title_full | Transformation of Pb, Cd, and Zn Minerals Using Phosphates |
| title_fullStr | Transformation of Pb, Cd, and Zn Minerals Using Phosphates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transformation of Pb, Cd, and Zn Minerals Using Phosphates |
| title_short | Transformation of Pb, Cd, and Zn Minerals Using Phosphates |
| title_sort | transformation of pb cd and zn minerals using phosphates |
| topic | immobilization heavy metal-contaminated soil soil remediation TCLP |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/10/4/342 |
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