Pan evaporation is increased by submerged macrophytes
<p>The topic of evaporation estimates is fundamental to land-surface hydrology. In this study, FAO-56 Penman–Monteith equation (FAO56–PM), multiple stepwise regression (MLR), and Kohonen self-organising map (K–SOM) techniques were used for the estimation of daily pan evaporation (<span clas...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2022-09-01
|
| Series: | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
| Online Access: | https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/4741/2022/hess-26-4741-2022.pdf |
| _version_ | 1811208164839784448 |
|---|---|
| author | B. Simon-Gáspár G. Soós A. Anda |
| author_facet | B. Simon-Gáspár G. Soós A. Anda |
| author_sort | B. Simon-Gáspár |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>The topic of evaporation estimates is fundamental to
land-surface hydrology. In this study, FAO-56 Penman–Monteith equation
(FAO56–PM), multiple stepwise regression (MLR), and Kohonen self-organising
map (K–SOM) techniques were used for the estimation of daily pan evaporation
(<span class="inline-formula"><i>E</i><sub>p</sub></span>) in three treatments, where C was the standard class A pan with top
water, S was a pan with sediment covered bottom, and SM was class A pan
containing submerged macrophytes (<i>Myriophyllum</i> <i>spicatum</i>, <i>Potamogeton</i> <i>perfoliatus</i>, and <i>Najas marina</i>), at Keszthely, Hungary, in a
six-season experiment, between 2015 and 2020. The modelling approach
included six measured meteorological variables. Average <span class="inline-formula"><i>E</i><sub>p</sub></span> varied from
0.6 to 6.9 mm d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for C, 0.7 to 7.9 mm d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for S, and from 0.9
to 8.2 mm d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for SM during the growing seasons studied. Correlation
analysis and K–SOM visual representation revealed that air temperature and
global radiation had positive correlation, while relative humidity had a
negative correlation with the <span class="inline-formula"><i>E</i><sub>p</sub></span> of C, S, and SM. The results showed
that the MLR method provided close compliance (<span class="inline-formula"><i>R</i><sup>2</sup>=0.58</span>–0.62) with the
observed pan evaporation values, but the K–SOM method (<span class="inline-formula"><i>R</i><sup>2</sup>=0.97</span>–0.98)
yielded by far the closest match to observed evaporation estimates for all
three pans.</p>
<p>To our best knowledge, no similar work has been published previously using
the three modelling methods for seeded pan evaporation estimation.</p>
<p>The current study differs from previous evaporation estimates by using
neural networks even with those pans containing sediments and submerged
macrophytes. Their evaporation will be treated directly by K–SOM, in which
the modelling is more than the simple <span class="inline-formula"><i>E</i><sub>p</sub></span> of a class A pan filled with clean
tap water.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T04:17:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f81a61faad6e421092debaca70563b60 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1027-5606 1607-7938 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T04:17:10Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-f81a61faad6e421092debaca70563b602022-12-22T03:48:22ZengCopernicus PublicationsHydrology and Earth System Sciences1027-56061607-79382022-09-01264741475610.5194/hess-26-4741-2022Pan evaporation is increased by submerged macrophytesB. Simon-GáspárG. SoósA. Anda<p>The topic of evaporation estimates is fundamental to land-surface hydrology. In this study, FAO-56 Penman–Monteith equation (FAO56–PM), multiple stepwise regression (MLR), and Kohonen self-organising map (K–SOM) techniques were used for the estimation of daily pan evaporation (<span class="inline-formula"><i>E</i><sub>p</sub></span>) in three treatments, where C was the standard class A pan with top water, S was a pan with sediment covered bottom, and SM was class A pan containing submerged macrophytes (<i>Myriophyllum</i> <i>spicatum</i>, <i>Potamogeton</i> <i>perfoliatus</i>, and <i>Najas marina</i>), at Keszthely, Hungary, in a six-season experiment, between 2015 and 2020. The modelling approach included six measured meteorological variables. Average <span class="inline-formula"><i>E</i><sub>p</sub></span> varied from 0.6 to 6.9 mm d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for C, 0.7 to 7.9 mm d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for S, and from 0.9 to 8.2 mm d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> for SM during the growing seasons studied. Correlation analysis and K–SOM visual representation revealed that air temperature and global radiation had positive correlation, while relative humidity had a negative correlation with the <span class="inline-formula"><i>E</i><sub>p</sub></span> of C, S, and SM. The results showed that the MLR method provided close compliance (<span class="inline-formula"><i>R</i><sup>2</sup>=0.58</span>–0.62) with the observed pan evaporation values, but the K–SOM method (<span class="inline-formula"><i>R</i><sup>2</sup>=0.97</span>–0.98) yielded by far the closest match to observed evaporation estimates for all three pans.</p> <p>To our best knowledge, no similar work has been published previously using the three modelling methods for seeded pan evaporation estimation.</p> <p>The current study differs from previous evaporation estimates by using neural networks even with those pans containing sediments and submerged macrophytes. Their evaporation will be treated directly by K–SOM, in which the modelling is more than the simple <span class="inline-formula"><i>E</i><sub>p</sub></span> of a class A pan filled with clean tap water.</p>https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/4741/2022/hess-26-4741-2022.pdf |
| spellingShingle | B. Simon-Gáspár G. Soós A. Anda Pan evaporation is increased by submerged macrophytes Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
| title | Pan evaporation is increased by submerged macrophytes |
| title_full | Pan evaporation is increased by submerged macrophytes |
| title_fullStr | Pan evaporation is increased by submerged macrophytes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pan evaporation is increased by submerged macrophytes |
| title_short | Pan evaporation is increased by submerged macrophytes |
| title_sort | pan evaporation is increased by submerged macrophytes |
| url | https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/4741/2022/hess-26-4741-2022.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bsimongaspar panevaporationisincreasedbysubmergedmacrophytes AT gsoos panevaporationisincreasedbysubmergedmacrophytes AT aanda panevaporationisincreasedbysubmergedmacrophytes |