Lignosulfonate-Based Ionic Liquids as Asphaltene Dispersants
Asphaltenes are recognized as being troublesome from upstream to downstream in the oil industry due to their tendency to precipitate and self-associate. Their extraction from asphaltenic crude oil for a cost-effective refining process is a crucial and critical challenge in the oil and gas sector. Li...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/8/3390 |
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| author | Ariff Mahtar Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon Cecilia Devi Wilfred |
| author_facet | Ariff Mahtar Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon Cecilia Devi Wilfred |
| author_sort | Ariff Mahtar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Asphaltenes are recognized as being troublesome from upstream to downstream in the oil industry due to their tendency to precipitate and self-associate. Their extraction from asphaltenic crude oil for a cost-effective refining process is a crucial and critical challenge in the oil and gas sector. Lignosulfonate (LS), as a by-product of the wood pulping process in the papermaking industry, is a highly available and underutilized feedstock. This study aimed to synthesize novel LS-based ionic liquids (ILs) by reacting lignosulfonate acid sodium salt [Na]<sub>2</sub>[LS] with different alkyl chains of piperidinium chloride for asphaltene dispersion. The synthesized ILs, 1-hexyl-1-methyl-piperidinium lignosulfonate [C<sub>6</sub>C<sub>1</sub>Pip]<sub>2</sub>[LS], 1-octyl-1-methyl-piperidinium lignosulfonate [C<sub>8</sub>C<sub>1</sub>Pip]<sub>2</sub>[LS], 1-dodecyl-1-methyl-piperidinium lignosulfonate [C<sub>12</sub>C<sub>1</sub>Pip]<sub>2</sub>[LS] and 1-hexadecyl-1-methyl-piperidinium lignosulfonate [C<sub>16</sub>C<sub>1</sub>Pip]<sub>2</sub>[LS] were characterized using FTIR-ATR and <sup>1</sup>H NMR for functional groups and structural confirmation. The ILs depicted high thermal stability because of the presence of a long side alkyl chain and piperidinium cation following thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Asphaltene dispersion indices (%) of ILs were tested by varying contact time, temperature and ILs concentration. The obtained indices were high for all ILs, with a dispersion index of more than 91.2% [C<sub>16</sub>C<sub>1</sub>Pip]<sub>2</sub>[LS], representing the highest dispersion at 50,000 ppm. It was able to lower asphaltene particle size diameter from 51 nm to 11 nm. The kinetic data of [C<sub>16</sub>C<sub>1</sub>Pip]<sub>2</sub>[LS] were consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The dispersion index (%), asphaltene particle growth and the kinetic model agreed with the molecular modeling studies of the HOMO–LUMO energy of IL holds. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:42:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f82f93203dc94c8aae6cd078fece793e |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:42:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f82f93203dc94c8aae6cd078fece793e2023-11-17T20:38:21ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-04-01288339010.3390/molecules28083390Lignosulfonate-Based Ionic Liquids as Asphaltene DispersantsAriff Mahtar0Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon1Cecilia Devi Wilfred2Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, MalaysiaDepartment of Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, MalaysiaFundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, MalaysiaAsphaltenes are recognized as being troublesome from upstream to downstream in the oil industry due to their tendency to precipitate and self-associate. Their extraction from asphaltenic crude oil for a cost-effective refining process is a crucial and critical challenge in the oil and gas sector. Lignosulfonate (LS), as a by-product of the wood pulping process in the papermaking industry, is a highly available and underutilized feedstock. This study aimed to synthesize novel LS-based ionic liquids (ILs) by reacting lignosulfonate acid sodium salt [Na]<sub>2</sub>[LS] with different alkyl chains of piperidinium chloride for asphaltene dispersion. The synthesized ILs, 1-hexyl-1-methyl-piperidinium lignosulfonate [C<sub>6</sub>C<sub>1</sub>Pip]<sub>2</sub>[LS], 1-octyl-1-methyl-piperidinium lignosulfonate [C<sub>8</sub>C<sub>1</sub>Pip]<sub>2</sub>[LS], 1-dodecyl-1-methyl-piperidinium lignosulfonate [C<sub>12</sub>C<sub>1</sub>Pip]<sub>2</sub>[LS] and 1-hexadecyl-1-methyl-piperidinium lignosulfonate [C<sub>16</sub>C<sub>1</sub>Pip]<sub>2</sub>[LS] were characterized using FTIR-ATR and <sup>1</sup>H NMR for functional groups and structural confirmation. The ILs depicted high thermal stability because of the presence of a long side alkyl chain and piperidinium cation following thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Asphaltene dispersion indices (%) of ILs were tested by varying contact time, temperature and ILs concentration. The obtained indices were high for all ILs, with a dispersion index of more than 91.2% [C<sub>16</sub>C<sub>1</sub>Pip]<sub>2</sub>[LS], representing the highest dispersion at 50,000 ppm. It was able to lower asphaltene particle size diameter from 51 nm to 11 nm. The kinetic data of [C<sub>16</sub>C<sub>1</sub>Pip]<sub>2</sub>[LS] were consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The dispersion index (%), asphaltene particle growth and the kinetic model agreed with the molecular modeling studies of the HOMO–LUMO energy of IL holds.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/8/3390ionic liquidslignosulfonatepiperidiniumasphaltenedispersant |
| spellingShingle | Ariff Mahtar Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon Cecilia Devi Wilfred Lignosulfonate-Based Ionic Liquids as Asphaltene Dispersants Molecules ionic liquids lignosulfonate piperidinium asphaltene dispersant |
| title | Lignosulfonate-Based Ionic Liquids as Asphaltene Dispersants |
| title_full | Lignosulfonate-Based Ionic Liquids as Asphaltene Dispersants |
| title_fullStr | Lignosulfonate-Based Ionic Liquids as Asphaltene Dispersants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lignosulfonate-Based Ionic Liquids as Asphaltene Dispersants |
| title_short | Lignosulfonate-Based Ionic Liquids as Asphaltene Dispersants |
| title_sort | lignosulfonate based ionic liquids as asphaltene dispersants |
| topic | ionic liquids lignosulfonate piperidinium asphaltene dispersant |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/8/3390 |
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