Histopathological assessment of Atlantic salmon exposed to calcium oxide particles: a controlled clinical study
Particulate calcium oxide (CaO) has been successfully used for the control of sea urchin and starfish populations. Recent studies have proven its efficacy in killing planktonic copepods, making it a promising and cheap option for salmon louse control in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming indu...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Aquaculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/faquc.2023.1307835/full |
| _version_ | 1797356988700557312 |
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| author | Elia Ciani Kai-Inge Lie Marit Stormoen Stein Ivar Antonsen Even Hjalmar Jørgensen |
| author_facet | Elia Ciani Kai-Inge Lie Marit Stormoen Stein Ivar Antonsen Even Hjalmar Jørgensen |
| author_sort | Elia Ciani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Particulate calcium oxide (CaO) has been successfully used for the control of sea urchin and starfish populations. Recent studies have proven its efficacy in killing planktonic copepods, making it a promising and cheap option for salmon louse control in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming industry. Additionally, preliminary laboratory tests demonstrated that exposure to 0.2 g/L–0.6 g/L of fine CaO particles induced significant mortality of salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in the planktonic stages. The present study investigated the effects of water treatment with fine CaO particles [0.2 g/L or 127.4 g/m2; 0.1 mm–0.3 mm], conducted twice a week for three consecutive weeks at 5°C and 12°C on Atlantic salmon post-smolt in a flow-through system. The study compared mortality rates and histopathology of skin, eyes, gills, and intestines between treated and untreated control salmon. The results indicated that CaO exposure did not induce fish mortality or histopathological damages in the skin, eyes, or intestines. Although there were no significant effects of CaO exposure on gill inflammation or hyperplasia, the exposure did increase the occurrence of gill vascular injuries and necrosis in small portions of the tissue (< 10% of the respiratory gill tissue in most of the samples) by 60% and 35%, respectively. The effect was not modulated by temperature or time. The results indicate that the CaO treatment protocol used in this study is not lethal to Atlantic salmon and is safe for most analyzed tissues. Nonetheless, the induction of vascular damage and necrosis in the gill, albeit in small tissue portions, emphasizes the need for further research. It is crucial to develop a protocol that avoids such lesions, ensuring the secure application of CaO as an antiparasitic treatment in salmon aquaculture. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T14:37:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f84ffadbeb8549c492fd9921bcd90a9e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2813-5334 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T14:37:46Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Aquaculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-f84ffadbeb8549c492fd9921bcd90a9e2024-01-12T04:34:50ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Aquaculture2813-53342024-01-01210.3389/faquc.2023.13078351307835Histopathological assessment of Atlantic salmon exposed to calcium oxide particles: a controlled clinical studyElia Ciani0Kai-Inge Lie1Marit Stormoen2Stein Ivar Antonsen3Even Hjalmar Jørgensen4Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, NorwayPharmaq Analytiq AS, Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, NorwaySeacalx AS, Gratangen, NorwayDepartment of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NorwayParticulate calcium oxide (CaO) has been successfully used for the control of sea urchin and starfish populations. Recent studies have proven its efficacy in killing planktonic copepods, making it a promising and cheap option for salmon louse control in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming industry. Additionally, preliminary laboratory tests demonstrated that exposure to 0.2 g/L–0.6 g/L of fine CaO particles induced significant mortality of salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in the planktonic stages. The present study investigated the effects of water treatment with fine CaO particles [0.2 g/L or 127.4 g/m2; 0.1 mm–0.3 mm], conducted twice a week for three consecutive weeks at 5°C and 12°C on Atlantic salmon post-smolt in a flow-through system. The study compared mortality rates and histopathology of skin, eyes, gills, and intestines between treated and untreated control salmon. The results indicated that CaO exposure did not induce fish mortality or histopathological damages in the skin, eyes, or intestines. Although there were no significant effects of CaO exposure on gill inflammation or hyperplasia, the exposure did increase the occurrence of gill vascular injuries and necrosis in small portions of the tissue (< 10% of the respiratory gill tissue in most of the samples) by 60% and 35%, respectively. The effect was not modulated by temperature or time. The results indicate that the CaO treatment protocol used in this study is not lethal to Atlantic salmon and is safe for most analyzed tissues. Nonetheless, the induction of vascular damage and necrosis in the gill, albeit in small tissue portions, emphasizes the need for further research. It is crucial to develop a protocol that avoids such lesions, ensuring the secure application of CaO as an antiparasitic treatment in salmon aquaculture.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/faquc.2023.1307835/fullAtlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)calcium oxide (CaO)quicklime (CaO)salmon lice controldelousing salmon farming |
| spellingShingle | Elia Ciani Kai-Inge Lie Marit Stormoen Stein Ivar Antonsen Even Hjalmar Jørgensen Histopathological assessment of Atlantic salmon exposed to calcium oxide particles: a controlled clinical study Frontiers in Aquaculture Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) calcium oxide (CaO) quicklime (CaO) salmon lice control delousing salmon farming |
| title | Histopathological assessment of Atlantic salmon exposed to calcium oxide particles: a controlled clinical study |
| title_full | Histopathological assessment of Atlantic salmon exposed to calcium oxide particles: a controlled clinical study |
| title_fullStr | Histopathological assessment of Atlantic salmon exposed to calcium oxide particles: a controlled clinical study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Histopathological assessment of Atlantic salmon exposed to calcium oxide particles: a controlled clinical study |
| title_short | Histopathological assessment of Atlantic salmon exposed to calcium oxide particles: a controlled clinical study |
| title_sort | histopathological assessment of atlantic salmon exposed to calcium oxide particles a controlled clinical study |
| topic | Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) calcium oxide (CaO) quicklime (CaO) salmon lice control delousing salmon farming |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/faquc.2023.1307835/full |
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