Leptin Increases: Physiological Roles in the Control of Sympathetic Nerve Activity, Energy Balance, and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis
It is well established that decreases in plasma leptin levels, as with fasting, signal starvation and elicit appropriate physiological responses, such as increasing the drive to eat and decreasing energy expenditure. These responses are mediated largely by suppression of the actions of leptin in the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/2684 |
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| author | Davide Martelli Virginia L. Brooks |
| author_facet | Davide Martelli Virginia L. Brooks |
| author_sort | Davide Martelli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | It is well established that decreases in plasma leptin levels, as with fasting, signal starvation and elicit appropriate physiological responses, such as increasing the drive to eat and decreasing energy expenditure. These responses are mediated largely by suppression of the actions of leptin in the hypothalamus, most notably on arcuate nucleus (ArcN) orexigenic neuropeptide Y neurons and anorexic pro-opiomelanocortin neurons. However, the question addressed in this review is whether the effects of increased leptin levels are also significant on the long-term control of energy balance, despite conventional wisdom to the contrary. We focus on leptin’s actions (in both lean and obese individuals) to decrease food intake, increase sympathetic nerve activity, and support the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis, with particular attention to sex differences. We also elaborate on obesity-induced inflammation and its role in the altered actions of leptin during obesity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:41:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f8544084d6cb4aa0ab807ad907d29076 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:41:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-f8544084d6cb4aa0ab807ad907d290762023-11-16T17:00:56ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-01-01243268410.3390/ijms24032684Leptin Increases: Physiological Roles in the Control of Sympathetic Nerve Activity, Energy Balance, and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid AxisDavide Martelli0Virginia L. Brooks1Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, 40126 Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USAIt is well established that decreases in plasma leptin levels, as with fasting, signal starvation and elicit appropriate physiological responses, such as increasing the drive to eat and decreasing energy expenditure. These responses are mediated largely by suppression of the actions of leptin in the hypothalamus, most notably on arcuate nucleus (ArcN) orexigenic neuropeptide Y neurons and anorexic pro-opiomelanocortin neurons. However, the question addressed in this review is whether the effects of increased leptin levels are also significant on the long-term control of energy balance, despite conventional wisdom to the contrary. We focus on leptin’s actions (in both lean and obese individuals) to decrease food intake, increase sympathetic nerve activity, and support the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis, with particular attention to sex differences. We also elaborate on obesity-induced inflammation and its role in the altered actions of leptin during obesity.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/2684energy expenditurebrown adipose tissueobesitydiet-induced thermogenesissex differencesarcuate nucleus |
| spellingShingle | Davide Martelli Virginia L. Brooks Leptin Increases: Physiological Roles in the Control of Sympathetic Nerve Activity, Energy Balance, and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis International Journal of Molecular Sciences energy expenditure brown adipose tissue obesity diet-induced thermogenesis sex differences arcuate nucleus |
| title | Leptin Increases: Physiological Roles in the Control of Sympathetic Nerve Activity, Energy Balance, and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis |
| title_full | Leptin Increases: Physiological Roles in the Control of Sympathetic Nerve Activity, Energy Balance, and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis |
| title_fullStr | Leptin Increases: Physiological Roles in the Control of Sympathetic Nerve Activity, Energy Balance, and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Leptin Increases: Physiological Roles in the Control of Sympathetic Nerve Activity, Energy Balance, and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis |
| title_short | Leptin Increases: Physiological Roles in the Control of Sympathetic Nerve Activity, Energy Balance, and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis |
| title_sort | leptin increases physiological roles in the control of sympathetic nerve activity energy balance and the hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis |
| topic | energy expenditure brown adipose tissue obesity diet-induced thermogenesis sex differences arcuate nucleus |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/3/2684 |
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