Determining the Effect of Gutkha on Serum Levels of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid as Compared to Smoking among Chronic Periodontitis Subjects : A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Periodontitis, being a common inflammatory disease has a multifactorial origin , with smoking and gutkha as few of the causative entities. The role of smoking as a risk factor for periodontitis is been well documented in literature. Cigarette smoke also affects vitamin B12 and folic...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited
2014-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |
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| Online Access: | https://jcdr.net/articles/PDF/5356/10575_CE(Ra)_F(Sh)_PF1(AJAK)_PFA(AK)_PF2(PAG).pdf |
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| author | SHIVARAJ WARAD NAGARAJ B KALBURGI MADHUR MANAK VEENA C KALBURGI ARATI C KOREGOL JYOTI PATANASHETTI SUBRAMANIAM RAO M.VIJAYALAXMI KOKATNUR |
| author_facet | SHIVARAJ WARAD NAGARAJ B KALBURGI MADHUR MANAK VEENA C KALBURGI ARATI C KOREGOL JYOTI PATANASHETTI SUBRAMANIAM RAO M.VIJAYALAXMI KOKATNUR |
| author_sort | SHIVARAJ WARAD |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Periodontitis, being a common inflammatory
disease has a multifactorial origin , with smoking and gutkha
as few of the causative entities. The role of smoking as
a risk factor for periodontitis is been well documented in
literature. Cigarette smoke also affects vitamin B12 and folic
acid mechanisms. Nutritionally derived vitamin B12 occurs
mainly as either hydroxycobalamin or deoxyadenosycobalmin.
Folic acid is also heat sensitive and water soluble, closely
linked to vitamin B12 in its metabolism. However, effect of
smokeless tobacco in form of gutkha on serum levels of
vitamin B12 and folic acid is yet to be explored.
Aims and Objectives: To estimate and correlate serum
vitamin B12 (VB12) and folic acid (FA) levels among
periodontally healthy subjects and Chronic Periodontitis (CP)
subjects with habit of smoking and gutkha chewing.
Materials and Methods: The study included 111 subjects
ranging in age from 18 to 60 y. Participants were divided
into four groups: 30 healthy subjects (Group I), 29 subjects
with CP (Group II), 25 smokers with CP (Group III) and
27 gutkha chewers with CP (Group IV). Clinical parameters
included pocket probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment
level (CAL) & gingival index (GI) following which VB12 and
FA levels were estimated through UV-spectrophotometry
method and data was analysed using Statistical Package
for Social Scientists software, Mann-Whitney U-test and
Pearson correlation coefficient. p-values less than 0.05 were
considered as significant.
Results : Pairwise comparison by Mann-Whitney U-test
showed an increase in the serum VB12 in Group IV when
compared to Group I (p=0.01) and Group II (p=0.01). Although
serum FA levels were found to be low in Group III (7.61
ug/ml) & Group IV (8.64 ug/ml), Group III was found to be
statistically significant (P=0.046). The clinical parameters GI,
PPD and CAL among the four groups of patients were also
statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The study results suggested that among the
patients with periodontal disease, serum VB12 levels are
directly related while serum FA levels are inversely related
to inflammation and tissue destruction in periodontium as
occurred in Group IV. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T02:03:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f89b0b967add47cb9ded69bb1a5c25f1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2249-782X 0973-709X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T02:03:59Z |
| publishDate | 2014-12-01 |
| publisher | JCDR Research and Publications Private Limited |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-f89b0b967add47cb9ded69bb1a5c25f12022-12-22T00:03:12ZengJCDR Research and Publications Private LimitedJournal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research2249-782X0973-709X2014-12-01812ZC85ZC8910.7860/JCDR/2014/10575.5356Determining the Effect of Gutkha on Serum Levels of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid as Compared to Smoking among Chronic Periodontitis Subjects : A Cross-Sectional StudySHIVARAJ WARAD0NAGARAJ B KALBURGI1MADHUR MANAK2VEENA C KALBURGI3ARATI C KOREGOL4JYOTI PATANASHETTI5SUBRAMANIAM RAO6M.VIJAYALAXMI KOKATNUR7Head of Department, Department of Periodontics, P.M.N.M Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.Professor, Department of Periodontics, P.M.N.M Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.Post-Graduate Student, Department of Periodontics, P.M.N.M Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.Professor, Department of Periodontics, P.M.N.M Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.Reader, Department of Periodontics, P.M.N.M Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.Reader, Department of Periodontics, P.M.N.M Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.Reader, Department of Periodontics, P.M.N.M Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, P.M.N.M Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.Background: Periodontitis, being a common inflammatory disease has a multifactorial origin , with smoking and gutkha as few of the causative entities. The role of smoking as a risk factor for periodontitis is been well documented in literature. Cigarette smoke also affects vitamin B12 and folic acid mechanisms. Nutritionally derived vitamin B12 occurs mainly as either hydroxycobalamin or deoxyadenosycobalmin. Folic acid is also heat sensitive and water soluble, closely linked to vitamin B12 in its metabolism. However, effect of smokeless tobacco in form of gutkha on serum levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid is yet to be explored. Aims and Objectives: To estimate and correlate serum vitamin B12 (VB12) and folic acid (FA) levels among periodontally healthy subjects and Chronic Periodontitis (CP) subjects with habit of smoking and gutkha chewing. Materials and Methods: The study included 111 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 60 y. Participants were divided into four groups: 30 healthy subjects (Group I), 29 subjects with CP (Group II), 25 smokers with CP (Group III) and 27 gutkha chewers with CP (Group IV). Clinical parameters included pocket probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) & gingival index (GI) following which VB12 and FA levels were estimated through UV-spectrophotometry method and data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists software, Mann-Whitney U-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. p-values less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Results : Pairwise comparison by Mann-Whitney U-test showed an increase in the serum VB12 in Group IV when compared to Group I (p=0.01) and Group II (p=0.01). Although serum FA levels were found to be low in Group III (7.61 ug/ml) & Group IV (8.64 ug/ml), Group III was found to be statistically significant (P=0.046). The clinical parameters GI, PPD and CAL among the four groups of patients were also statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study results suggested that among the patients with periodontal disease, serum VB12 levels are directly related while serum FA levels are inversely related to inflammation and tissue destruction in periodontium as occurred in Group IV.https://jcdr.net/articles/PDF/5356/10575_CE(Ra)_F(Sh)_PF1(AJAK)_PFA(AK)_PF2(PAG).pdfchronic periodontitisfolic acidgutkhasmokingvitamin b12 |
| spellingShingle | SHIVARAJ WARAD NAGARAJ B KALBURGI MADHUR MANAK VEENA C KALBURGI ARATI C KOREGOL JYOTI PATANASHETTI SUBRAMANIAM RAO M.VIJAYALAXMI KOKATNUR Determining the Effect of Gutkha on Serum Levels of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid as Compared to Smoking among Chronic Periodontitis Subjects : A Cross-Sectional Study Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research chronic periodontitis folic acid gutkha smoking vitamin b12 |
| title | Determining the Effect of Gutkha on Serum Levels of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid as Compared to Smoking among Chronic Periodontitis Subjects : A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full | Determining the Effect of Gutkha on Serum Levels of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid as Compared to Smoking among Chronic Periodontitis Subjects : A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_fullStr | Determining the Effect of Gutkha on Serum Levels of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid as Compared to Smoking among Chronic Periodontitis Subjects : A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determining the Effect of Gutkha on Serum Levels of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid as Compared to Smoking among Chronic Periodontitis Subjects : A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_short | Determining the Effect of Gutkha on Serum Levels of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid as Compared to Smoking among Chronic Periodontitis Subjects : A Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_sort | determining the effect of gutkha on serum levels of vitamin b12 and folic acid as compared to smoking among chronic periodontitis subjects a cross sectional study |
| topic | chronic periodontitis folic acid gutkha smoking vitamin b12 |
| url | https://jcdr.net/articles/PDF/5356/10575_CE(Ra)_F(Sh)_PF1(AJAK)_PFA(AK)_PF2(PAG).pdf |
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