The Chemical Characterisation of the Maritime Pine Bark Cultivated in Northern Portugal
Maritime pine, scientifically known as <i>Pinus pinaster</i>, holds a vital role in Iberian Peninsula forests, primarily as a source of wood for panels, paper, and cellulose production. Recently, there has been a growing interest in utilising agroforestry by-products to yield valuable ch...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/23/3940 |
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| author | Diana Barros Élia Fernandes Meirielly Jesus Lillian Barros José Ignacio Alonso-Esteban Preciosa Pires Manuela Vaz Velho |
| author_facet | Diana Barros Élia Fernandes Meirielly Jesus Lillian Barros José Ignacio Alonso-Esteban Preciosa Pires Manuela Vaz Velho |
| author_sort | Diana Barros |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Maritime pine, scientifically known as <i>Pinus pinaster</i>, holds a vital role in Iberian Peninsula forests, primarily as a source of wood for panels, paper, and cellulose production. Recently, there has been a growing interest in utilising agroforestry by-products to yield valuable chemicals for applications in various sectors, including the food, pharmaceutical, and bioenergy industries. This study aimed to assess the value of the primary by-product of <i>Pinus pinaster</i> from the Minho region of northwestern Portugal, i.e., the bark. The research extensively examined the bark’s chemical and thermal characteristics, including ash content, extractives, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, fatty acids, and mineral composition. Additionally, various analytical techniques like FTIR, SEM, DSC, DTG, and XRD were used to observe chemical structure differences. The results reveal that the <i>Pinus pinaster</i> bark primarily consists of lignin (51.15%) and holocellulose (46.09%), with extractives mainly soluble in toluene–ethanol, followed by water, and a small amount of them are soluble in ethanol. The bark contained around 0.44% ash, and heavy metals such as Cd and Pb were not found. During degradation, <i>Pinus pinaster</i> experienced a 10% mass loss at 140 °C. In terms of crystallinity, holocellulose and cellulose showed similar percentages at approximately 25.5%, while α-cellulose displayed the highest crystallinity index at 41%. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:45:31Z |
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| id | doaj.art-f8b48b7e2fe94dbd8d041ad01cd818ea |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:45:31Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-f8b48b7e2fe94dbd8d041ad01cd818ea2023-12-08T15:23:42ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-11-011223394010.3390/plants12233940The Chemical Characterisation of the Maritime Pine Bark Cultivated in Northern PortugalDiana Barros0Élia Fernandes1Meirielly Jesus2Lillian Barros3José Ignacio Alonso-Esteban4Preciosa Pires5Manuela Vaz Velho6EDIUS—International PhD School of the USC, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, SpainCISAS—Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, PortugalCISAS—Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, PortugalCentro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, PortugalCentro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, PortugalCISAS—Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, PortugalCISAS—Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, PortugalMaritime pine, scientifically known as <i>Pinus pinaster</i>, holds a vital role in Iberian Peninsula forests, primarily as a source of wood for panels, paper, and cellulose production. Recently, there has been a growing interest in utilising agroforestry by-products to yield valuable chemicals for applications in various sectors, including the food, pharmaceutical, and bioenergy industries. This study aimed to assess the value of the primary by-product of <i>Pinus pinaster</i> from the Minho region of northwestern Portugal, i.e., the bark. The research extensively examined the bark’s chemical and thermal characteristics, including ash content, extractives, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, fatty acids, and mineral composition. Additionally, various analytical techniques like FTIR, SEM, DSC, DTG, and XRD were used to observe chemical structure differences. The results reveal that the <i>Pinus pinaster</i> bark primarily consists of lignin (51.15%) and holocellulose (46.09%), with extractives mainly soluble in toluene–ethanol, followed by water, and a small amount of them are soluble in ethanol. The bark contained around 0.44% ash, and heavy metals such as Cd and Pb were not found. During degradation, <i>Pinus pinaster</i> experienced a 10% mass loss at 140 °C. In terms of crystallinity, holocellulose and cellulose showed similar percentages at approximately 25.5%, while α-cellulose displayed the highest crystallinity index at 41%.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/23/3940bark<i>Pinus pinaster</i> Aiton subsp. <i>atlantica</i>extractivesholocellulosecelluloseFTIR |
| spellingShingle | Diana Barros Élia Fernandes Meirielly Jesus Lillian Barros José Ignacio Alonso-Esteban Preciosa Pires Manuela Vaz Velho The Chemical Characterisation of the Maritime Pine Bark Cultivated in Northern Portugal Plants bark <i>Pinus pinaster</i> Aiton subsp. <i>atlantica</i> extractives holocellulose cellulose FTIR |
| title | The Chemical Characterisation of the Maritime Pine Bark Cultivated in Northern Portugal |
| title_full | The Chemical Characterisation of the Maritime Pine Bark Cultivated in Northern Portugal |
| title_fullStr | The Chemical Characterisation of the Maritime Pine Bark Cultivated in Northern Portugal |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Chemical Characterisation of the Maritime Pine Bark Cultivated in Northern Portugal |
| title_short | The Chemical Characterisation of the Maritime Pine Bark Cultivated in Northern Portugal |
| title_sort | chemical characterisation of the maritime pine bark cultivated in northern portugal |
| topic | bark <i>Pinus pinaster</i> Aiton subsp. <i>atlantica</i> extractives holocellulose cellulose FTIR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/23/3940 |
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