Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome
Dissolution rates of nanomaterials can be decisive for acute in vivo toxicity (via the released ions) and for biopersistence (of the remaining particles). Continuous flow systems (CFSs) can screen for both aspects, but operational parameters need to be adjusted to the specific physiological compartm...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-02-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/2/311 |
| _version_ | 1818891393085472768 |
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| author | Johannes G. Keller Willie Peijnenburg Kai Werle Robert Landsiedel Wendel Wohlleben |
| author_facet | Johannes G. Keller Willie Peijnenburg Kai Werle Robert Landsiedel Wendel Wohlleben |
| author_sort | Johannes G. Keller |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dissolution rates of nanomaterials can be decisive for acute in vivo toxicity (via the released ions) and for biopersistence (of the remaining particles). Continuous flow systems (CFSs) can screen for both aspects, but operational parameters need to be adjusted to the specific physiological compartment, including local metal ion saturation. CFSs have two adjustable parameters: the volume flow-rate and the initial particle loading. Here we explore the pulmonary lysosomal dissolution of nanomaterials containing the metals Al, Ba, Zn, Cu over a wide range of volume flow-rates in a single experiment. We identify the ratio of particle surface area (SA) per volume flow-rate (SA/V) as critical parameter that superimposes all dissolution rates of the same material. Three complementary benchmark materials—ZnO (quick dissolution), TiO<sub>2</sub> (very slow dissolution), and BaSO<sub>4</sub> (partial dissolution)—consistently identify the SA/V range of 0.01 to 0.03 h/cm as predictive for lysosomal pulmonary biodissolution. We then apply the identified method to compare against non-nanoforms of the same substances and test aluminosilicates. For BaSO<sub>4</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>, we find high similarity of the dissolution rates of their respective nanoform and non-nanoform, governed by the local ion solubility limit at relevant SA/V ranges. For aluminosilicates, we find high similarity of the dissolution rates of two Kaolin nanoforms but significant dissimilarity against Bentonite despite the similar composition. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T17:40:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f8c5f4df29544c6da2a8efea6649bb21 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T17:40:05Z |
| publishDate | 2020-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-f8c5f4df29544c6da2a8efea6649bb212022-12-21T20:12:14ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912020-02-0110231110.3390/nano10020311nano10020311Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in LysosomeJohannes G. Keller0Willie Peijnenburg1Kai Werle2Robert Landsiedel3Wendel Wohlleben4BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Dept. Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, GermanyNational Institute of Public Health and the Environment RIVM, 3721 Bilthoven, The NetherlandsBASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Dept. Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, GermanyBASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Dept. Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, GermanyBASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Dept. Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, GermanyDissolution rates of nanomaterials can be decisive for acute in vivo toxicity (via the released ions) and for biopersistence (of the remaining particles). Continuous flow systems (CFSs) can screen for both aspects, but operational parameters need to be adjusted to the specific physiological compartment, including local metal ion saturation. CFSs have two adjustable parameters: the volume flow-rate and the initial particle loading. Here we explore the pulmonary lysosomal dissolution of nanomaterials containing the metals Al, Ba, Zn, Cu over a wide range of volume flow-rates in a single experiment. We identify the ratio of particle surface area (SA) per volume flow-rate (SA/V) as critical parameter that superimposes all dissolution rates of the same material. Three complementary benchmark materials—ZnO (quick dissolution), TiO<sub>2</sub> (very slow dissolution), and BaSO<sub>4</sub> (partial dissolution)—consistently identify the SA/V range of 0.01 to 0.03 h/cm as predictive for lysosomal pulmonary biodissolution. We then apply the identified method to compare against non-nanoforms of the same substances and test aluminosilicates. For BaSO<sub>4</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>, we find high similarity of the dissolution rates of their respective nanoform and non-nanoform, governed by the local ion solubility limit at relevant SA/V ranges. For aluminosilicates, we find high similarity of the dissolution rates of two Kaolin nanoforms but significant dissimilarity against Bentonite despite the similar composition.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/2/311dissolutiondissolution ratenanomaterial groupingrisk assessment3r methodregulatory hazard assessment |
| spellingShingle | Johannes G. Keller Willie Peijnenburg Kai Werle Robert Landsiedel Wendel Wohlleben Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome Nanomaterials dissolution dissolution rate nanomaterial grouping risk assessment 3r method regulatory hazard assessment |
| title | Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome |
| title_full | Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome |
| title_fullStr | Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome |
| title_short | Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome |
| title_sort | understanding dissolution rates via continuous flow systems with physiologically relevant metal ion saturation in lysosome |
| topic | dissolution dissolution rate nanomaterial grouping risk assessment 3r method regulatory hazard assessment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/2/311 |
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