| Summary: | The resource allocation solution offered based on non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and orthogonal multiple access (OMA) schemes are sub-optimal to address the challenging quality of service (QoS) and higher data rate viz-a-viz energy efficiency (EE) requirements in 5th generation (5G) cellular networks. In this work, we maximize the EE using user equipment (UE) clustering (UE-C) with downlink hybrid NOMA (H-NOMA) assisted beyond 5G (B5G) HetNets. We formulate an optimization problem incorporating UE admission in a cluster, UE association with a base station (BS), and power allocation assisted by H-NOMA, i.e., OMA and NOMA schemes in the macro base station (MBS) only and heterogeneous networks (HetNets) environments. The problem formulated is a type of non-linear concave fractional programming (CFP) problem. The Charnes-Cooper transformation (CCT) is applied to the formulated non-linear CFP problem to convert it into a concave optimization, i.e., mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. A two-phase <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\epsilon $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-optimal outer approximation algorithm (OAA) is used to solve the MINLP problem. The simulation results show that H-NOMA with HetNets outperforms H-NOMA with MBS only in terms of UE admission, UE association, throughput, and EE.
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