Prediction of Mechanical Properties in the Sub-Critical Heat Affected Zone of AHSS Spot Welds Using Gleeble Thermal Simulator and Hollomon-Jaffe Model
Measuring the mechanical properties of weld Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) remains one of the main challenges in the failure analysis of spot-welded components. Due to the small size of the HAZ and variation in the temperature history, different peak temperatures and cooling rates impose a range of phase...
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/11/1822 |
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| author | Abdelbaset R. H. Midawi Oleksii Sherepenko Dileep Chandran Ramachandran Shima Akbarian Mohammad Shojaee Tingting Zhang Hassan Ghassemi-Armaki Michael Worswick Elliot Biro |
| author_facet | Abdelbaset R. H. Midawi Oleksii Sherepenko Dileep Chandran Ramachandran Shima Akbarian Mohammad Shojaee Tingting Zhang Hassan Ghassemi-Armaki Michael Worswick Elliot Biro |
| author_sort | Abdelbaset R. H. Midawi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Measuring the mechanical properties of weld Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) remains one of the main challenges in the failure analysis of spot-welded components. Due to the small size of the HAZ and variation in the temperature history, different peak temperatures and cooling rates impose a range of phase transformations across the resistance spot weld. Among the HAZ sub-regions, the sub-critical HAZ (SCHAZ), which experiences temperatures below A<sub>C1</sub> (350–650 °C), usually shows a reduction in the hardness in most of the modern AHSS grades due to the martensite tempering phenomenon. SCHAZ softening may lead to strain localization during loading. Therefore, it is important to characterize the local properties of the SCHAZ region to accurately predict RSW failure. However, it is not feasible to extract standard mechanical test specimens out of the SCHAZ of the spot-welded structure due to its small size. In this work, the SCHAZ of the spot weld for two AHSS, 3G-980 and PHS-1500, was simulated using a Gleeble<sup>®</sup> (Dynamic Systems Inc., 323 NY-355, Poestenkill, NY 12140, USA) 3500 thermo-mechanical simulator. An in-situ high-speed IR thermal camera was used to measure the entire temperature field during the Gleeble heat-treatment process, which allowed for the visualization of the temperature distribution in the gauge area. The temperature and hardness data were fit to a Hollomon-Jaffe (HJ) model, which enables hardness prediction in the SCHAZ at any given temperature and time. Using the HJ model, a heat treatment schedule for each material was chosen to produce samples with hardness and microstructure matching the SCHAZ within actual spot weld coupons. Tensile specimens were machined from the coupons heat treated using simulated heat treatment schedules, and mechanical testing was performed. The results showed that the 3G-980 SCHAZ has a slight increase in yield strength and tensile strength, compared to the base metal, due to the formation of fine carbides within the microstructure. In contrast, the SCHAZ of PHS-1500 showed a significant reduction in the yield and tensile strength with yield point elongation behavior due to the reduction of the martensite phase and an increase in carbide formation due to the tempering process. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:37:45Z |
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| id | doaj.art-f8e79f06ea4d482396f12de15c164406 |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:37:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f8e79f06ea4d482396f12de15c1644062023-11-24T14:55:43ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012023-10-011311182210.3390/met13111822Prediction of Mechanical Properties in the Sub-Critical Heat Affected Zone of AHSS Spot Welds Using Gleeble Thermal Simulator and Hollomon-Jaffe ModelAbdelbaset R. H. Midawi0Oleksii Sherepenko1Dileep Chandran Ramachandran2Shima Akbarian3Mohammad Shojaee4Tingting Zhang5Hassan Ghassemi-Armaki6Michael Worswick7Elliot Biro8Centre for Advanced Materials Joining, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaCentre for Advanced Materials Joining, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaCentre for Advanced Materials Joining, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaCentre for Advanced Materials Joining, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaCentre for Advanced Materials Joining, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaGeneral Motors, Advanced Materials Technology-Metallics & Joining, Warren, MI 48092, USAGeneral Motors R&D, Manufacturing Systems Research Laboratory, Warren, MI 48092, USACentre for Advanced Materials Joining, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaCentre for Advanced Materials Joining, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaMeasuring the mechanical properties of weld Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) remains one of the main challenges in the failure analysis of spot-welded components. Due to the small size of the HAZ and variation in the temperature history, different peak temperatures and cooling rates impose a range of phase transformations across the resistance spot weld. Among the HAZ sub-regions, the sub-critical HAZ (SCHAZ), which experiences temperatures below A<sub>C1</sub> (350–650 °C), usually shows a reduction in the hardness in most of the modern AHSS grades due to the martensite tempering phenomenon. SCHAZ softening may lead to strain localization during loading. Therefore, it is important to characterize the local properties of the SCHAZ region to accurately predict RSW failure. However, it is not feasible to extract standard mechanical test specimens out of the SCHAZ of the spot-welded structure due to its small size. In this work, the SCHAZ of the spot weld for two AHSS, 3G-980 and PHS-1500, was simulated using a Gleeble<sup>®</sup> (Dynamic Systems Inc., 323 NY-355, Poestenkill, NY 12140, USA) 3500 thermo-mechanical simulator. An in-situ high-speed IR thermal camera was used to measure the entire temperature field during the Gleeble heat-treatment process, which allowed for the visualization of the temperature distribution in the gauge area. The temperature and hardness data were fit to a Hollomon-Jaffe (HJ) model, which enables hardness prediction in the SCHAZ at any given temperature and time. Using the HJ model, a heat treatment schedule for each material was chosen to produce samples with hardness and microstructure matching the SCHAZ within actual spot weld coupons. Tensile specimens were machined from the coupons heat treated using simulated heat treatment schedules, and mechanical testing was performed. The results showed that the 3G-980 SCHAZ has a slight increase in yield strength and tensile strength, compared to the base metal, due to the formation of fine carbides within the microstructure. In contrast, the SCHAZ of PHS-1500 showed a significant reduction in the yield and tensile strength with yield point elongation behavior due to the reduction of the martensite phase and an increase in carbide formation due to the tempering process.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/11/1822sub-critical heat-affected zone (SCHAZ)resistance spot welding (RSW)mini-tensile testthird generation advanced high strength steel (3G-AHSS)press hardened steel (PHS)Gleeble thermal simulator |
| spellingShingle | Abdelbaset R. H. Midawi Oleksii Sherepenko Dileep Chandran Ramachandran Shima Akbarian Mohammad Shojaee Tingting Zhang Hassan Ghassemi-Armaki Michael Worswick Elliot Biro Prediction of Mechanical Properties in the Sub-Critical Heat Affected Zone of AHSS Spot Welds Using Gleeble Thermal Simulator and Hollomon-Jaffe Model Metals sub-critical heat-affected zone (SCHAZ) resistance spot welding (RSW) mini-tensile test third generation advanced high strength steel (3G-AHSS) press hardened steel (PHS) Gleeble thermal simulator |
| title | Prediction of Mechanical Properties in the Sub-Critical Heat Affected Zone of AHSS Spot Welds Using Gleeble Thermal Simulator and Hollomon-Jaffe Model |
| title_full | Prediction of Mechanical Properties in the Sub-Critical Heat Affected Zone of AHSS Spot Welds Using Gleeble Thermal Simulator and Hollomon-Jaffe Model |
| title_fullStr | Prediction of Mechanical Properties in the Sub-Critical Heat Affected Zone of AHSS Spot Welds Using Gleeble Thermal Simulator and Hollomon-Jaffe Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prediction of Mechanical Properties in the Sub-Critical Heat Affected Zone of AHSS Spot Welds Using Gleeble Thermal Simulator and Hollomon-Jaffe Model |
| title_short | Prediction of Mechanical Properties in the Sub-Critical Heat Affected Zone of AHSS Spot Welds Using Gleeble Thermal Simulator and Hollomon-Jaffe Model |
| title_sort | prediction of mechanical properties in the sub critical heat affected zone of ahss spot welds using gleeble thermal simulator and hollomon jaffe model |
| topic | sub-critical heat-affected zone (SCHAZ) resistance spot welding (RSW) mini-tensile test third generation advanced high strength steel (3G-AHSS) press hardened steel (PHS) Gleeble thermal simulator |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/11/1822 |
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