Effects of Exercise Training on Muscle Quality in Older Individuals: A Systematic Scoping Review with Meta-Analyses
Abstract Background The quantity and quality of skeletal muscle are important determinants of daily function and metabolic health. Various forms of physical exercise can improve muscle function, but this effect can be inconsistent and has not been systematically examined across the health-neurologic...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Sports Medicine - Open |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00585-5 |
| _version_ | 1797806749345906688 |
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| author | Tibor Hortobágyi Tomas Vetrovsky Jennifer S. Brach Martijn van Haren Krystof Volesky Regis Radaelli Pedro Lopez Urs Granacher |
| author_facet | Tibor Hortobágyi Tomas Vetrovsky Jennifer S. Brach Martijn van Haren Krystof Volesky Regis Radaelli Pedro Lopez Urs Granacher |
| author_sort | Tibor Hortobágyi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The quantity and quality of skeletal muscle are important determinants of daily function and metabolic health. Various forms of physical exercise can improve muscle function, but this effect can be inconsistent and has not been systematically examined across the health-neurological disease continuum. The purpose of this systematic scoping review with meta-analyses was to determine the effects and potential moderators of exercise training on morphological and neuromuscular muscle quality (MMQ, NMQ) in healthy older individuals. In addition and in the form of a scoping review, we examined the effects of exercise training on NMQ and MMQ in individuals with neurological conditions. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in the electronic databases Medline, Embase, and Web of Science. Randomized controlled trials were included that examined the effects of exercise training on muscle quality (MQ) in older individuals with and without neurological conditions. Risk of bias and study quality were assessed (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0). We performed random-effects models using robust variance estimation and tested moderators using the approximate Hotelling–Zhang test. Results Thirty studies (n = 1494, 34% females) in healthy older individuals and no studies in individuals with neurological conditions were eligible for inclusion. Exercise training had small effects on MMQ (g = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03–0.40, p = 0.029). Heterogeneity was low (median I 2 = 16%). Training and demographic variables did not moderate the effects of exercise on MMQ. There was no association between changes in MMQ and changes in functional outcomes. Exercise training improved NMQ (g = 0.68, 95% CI 0.35–1.01, p < 0.000) across all studies, in particular in higher-functioning older individuals (g = 0.72, 95% CI 0.38–1.06, p < 0.001), in lower extremity muscles (g = 0.74, 95% CI 0.35–1.13, p = 0.001), and after resistance training (g = 0.91; 95% CI 0.42–1.41, p = 0.001). Heterogeneity was very high (median I 2 = 79%). Of the training and demographic variables, only resistance training moderated the exercise-effects on NMQ. High- versus low-intensity exercise moderated the exercise-effects on NMQ, but these effects were considered unreliable due to a low number of studies at high intensity. There was no association between changes in NMQ and changes in functional outcomes. Conclusion Exercise training has small effects on MMQ and medium-large effects on NMQ in healthy older individuals. There was no association between improvements in MQ and increases in muscle strength, mobility, and balance. Information on dose-response relations following training is currently lacking. There is a critical gap in muscle quality data for older individuals with lower function and neurological conditions after exercise training. Health practitioners should use resistance training to improve muscle function in older individuals. Well-designed studies are needed to examine the relevance of exercise training-induced changes in MQ in daily function in older individuals, especially to those with lower function and neurological conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T06:12:01Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2198-9761 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T06:12:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
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| series | Sports Medicine - Open |
| spelling | doaj.art-f913ef83809a4f58b3c5336cb79e5f482023-06-11T11:15:13ZengSpringerOpenSports Medicine - Open2198-97612023-06-019111810.1186/s40798-023-00585-5Effects of Exercise Training on Muscle Quality in Older Individuals: A Systematic Scoping Review with Meta-AnalysesTibor Hortobágyi0Tomas Vetrovsky1Jennifer S. Brach2Martijn van Haren3Krystof Volesky4Regis Radaelli5Pedro Lopez6Urs Granacher7Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sports ScienceFaculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles UniversityDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of PittsburghCenter for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen Medical CenterFaculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles UniversityFaculty of Human Kinetics, CIPER, University of LisboaExercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan UniversityDepartment of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of FreiburgAbstract Background The quantity and quality of skeletal muscle are important determinants of daily function and metabolic health. Various forms of physical exercise can improve muscle function, but this effect can be inconsistent and has not been systematically examined across the health-neurological disease continuum. The purpose of this systematic scoping review with meta-analyses was to determine the effects and potential moderators of exercise training on morphological and neuromuscular muscle quality (MMQ, NMQ) in healthy older individuals. In addition and in the form of a scoping review, we examined the effects of exercise training on NMQ and MMQ in individuals with neurological conditions. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in the electronic databases Medline, Embase, and Web of Science. Randomized controlled trials were included that examined the effects of exercise training on muscle quality (MQ) in older individuals with and without neurological conditions. Risk of bias and study quality were assessed (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0). We performed random-effects models using robust variance estimation and tested moderators using the approximate Hotelling–Zhang test. Results Thirty studies (n = 1494, 34% females) in healthy older individuals and no studies in individuals with neurological conditions were eligible for inclusion. Exercise training had small effects on MMQ (g = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03–0.40, p = 0.029). Heterogeneity was low (median I 2 = 16%). Training and demographic variables did not moderate the effects of exercise on MMQ. There was no association between changes in MMQ and changes in functional outcomes. Exercise training improved NMQ (g = 0.68, 95% CI 0.35–1.01, p < 0.000) across all studies, in particular in higher-functioning older individuals (g = 0.72, 95% CI 0.38–1.06, p < 0.001), in lower extremity muscles (g = 0.74, 95% CI 0.35–1.13, p = 0.001), and after resistance training (g = 0.91; 95% CI 0.42–1.41, p = 0.001). Heterogeneity was very high (median I 2 = 79%). Of the training and demographic variables, only resistance training moderated the exercise-effects on NMQ. High- versus low-intensity exercise moderated the exercise-effects on NMQ, but these effects were considered unreliable due to a low number of studies at high intensity. There was no association between changes in NMQ and changes in functional outcomes. Conclusion Exercise training has small effects on MMQ and medium-large effects on NMQ in healthy older individuals. There was no association between improvements in MQ and increases in muscle strength, mobility, and balance. Information on dose-response relations following training is currently lacking. There is a critical gap in muscle quality data for older individuals with lower function and neurological conditions after exercise training. Health practitioners should use resistance training to improve muscle function in older individuals. Well-designed studies are needed to examine the relevance of exercise training-induced changes in MQ in daily function in older individuals, especially to those with lower function and neurological conditions.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00585-5AgingNeurological diseaseResistance trainingMuscle massIntramuscular fat |
| spellingShingle | Tibor Hortobágyi Tomas Vetrovsky Jennifer S. Brach Martijn van Haren Krystof Volesky Regis Radaelli Pedro Lopez Urs Granacher Effects of Exercise Training on Muscle Quality in Older Individuals: A Systematic Scoping Review with Meta-Analyses Sports Medicine - Open Aging Neurological disease Resistance training Muscle mass Intramuscular fat |
| title | Effects of Exercise Training on Muscle Quality in Older Individuals: A Systematic Scoping Review with Meta-Analyses |
| title_full | Effects of Exercise Training on Muscle Quality in Older Individuals: A Systematic Scoping Review with Meta-Analyses |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Exercise Training on Muscle Quality in Older Individuals: A Systematic Scoping Review with Meta-Analyses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Exercise Training on Muscle Quality in Older Individuals: A Systematic Scoping Review with Meta-Analyses |
| title_short | Effects of Exercise Training on Muscle Quality in Older Individuals: A Systematic Scoping Review with Meta-Analyses |
| title_sort | effects of exercise training on muscle quality in older individuals a systematic scoping review with meta analyses |
| topic | Aging Neurological disease Resistance training Muscle mass Intramuscular fat |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00585-5 |
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