Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance and Heavy Metal Tolerance of Biofilm-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Dairy and Non-Dairy Food Products
Foodborne pathogens have acquired the ability to produce biofilms to survive in hostile environments. This study evaluated biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and heavy metal tolerance of bacteria isolated from dairy and non-dairy food products. We aseptically collected and processed...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/18/2728 |
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| author | Hasan Ejaz Kashaf Junaid Humaira Yasmeen Amina Naseer Hafsa Alam Sonia Younas Muhammad Usman Qamar Abualgasim E. Abdalla Khalid O. A. Abosalif Naveed Ahmad Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari |
| author_facet | Hasan Ejaz Kashaf Junaid Humaira Yasmeen Amina Naseer Hafsa Alam Sonia Younas Muhammad Usman Qamar Abualgasim E. Abdalla Khalid O. A. Abosalif Naveed Ahmad Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari |
| author_sort | Hasan Ejaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Foodborne pathogens have acquired the ability to produce biofilms to survive in hostile environments. This study evaluated biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and heavy metal tolerance of bacteria isolated from dairy and non-dairy food products. We aseptically collected and processed 200 dairy and non-dairy food specimens in peptone broth, incubated them overnight at 37 °C, and sub-cultured them on various culture media. Bacterial growth was identified with biochemical tests and API 20E and 20NE strips. The AMR of the isolates was observed against different antibacterial drug classes. Biofilm formation was detected with the crystal violet tube method. Heavy metal salts were used at concentrations of 250–1500 µg/100 mL to observe heavy metal tolerance. We isolated 180 (50.4%) bacteria from dairy and 177 (49.6%) from non-dairy food samples. The average colony-forming unit (CFU) count for dairy and non-dairy samples was 2.9 ± 0.9 log CFU/mL and 5.1 ± 0.3 log CFU/mL, respectively. <i>Corynebacterium kutscheri</i> (n = 74), lactobacilli (n = 73), and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (n = 56) were the predominant Gram-positive and <i>Shigella</i> (n = 10) the predominant Gram-negative bacteria isolated. The correlation between biofilm formation and AMR was significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for most cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. Heavy metal tolerance tended to be higher in biofilm producers at different metal concentrations. The pathogens isolated from dairy and non-dairy food showed a high burden of AMR, high propensity for biofilm formation, and heavy metal tolerance, and pose an imminent threat to public health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:03:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f92f45f728c5425097632503bc0b7af0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:03:52Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-f92f45f728c5425097632503bc0b7af02023-11-23T16:12:04ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582022-09-011118272810.3390/foods11182728Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance and Heavy Metal Tolerance of Biofilm-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Dairy and Non-Dairy Food ProductsHasan Ejaz0Kashaf Junaid1Humaira Yasmeen2Amina Naseer3Hafsa Alam4Sonia Younas5Muhammad Usman Qamar6Abualgasim E. Abdalla7Khalid O. A. Abosalif8Naveed Ahmad9Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari10Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University, Multan 66000, PakistanDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University, Multan 66000, PakistanDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University, Multan 66000, PakistanHKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi ArabiaFoodborne pathogens have acquired the ability to produce biofilms to survive in hostile environments. This study evaluated biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and heavy metal tolerance of bacteria isolated from dairy and non-dairy food products. We aseptically collected and processed 200 dairy and non-dairy food specimens in peptone broth, incubated them overnight at 37 °C, and sub-cultured them on various culture media. Bacterial growth was identified with biochemical tests and API 20E and 20NE strips. The AMR of the isolates was observed against different antibacterial drug classes. Biofilm formation was detected with the crystal violet tube method. Heavy metal salts were used at concentrations of 250–1500 µg/100 mL to observe heavy metal tolerance. We isolated 180 (50.4%) bacteria from dairy and 177 (49.6%) from non-dairy food samples. The average colony-forming unit (CFU) count for dairy and non-dairy samples was 2.9 ± 0.9 log CFU/mL and 5.1 ± 0.3 log CFU/mL, respectively. <i>Corynebacterium kutscheri</i> (n = 74), lactobacilli (n = 73), and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (n = 56) were the predominant Gram-positive and <i>Shigella</i> (n = 10) the predominant Gram-negative bacteria isolated. The correlation between biofilm formation and AMR was significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for most cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. Heavy metal tolerance tended to be higher in biofilm producers at different metal concentrations. The pathogens isolated from dairy and non-dairy food showed a high burden of AMR, high propensity for biofilm formation, and heavy metal tolerance, and pose an imminent threat to public health.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/18/2728dairynon-dairyfood contaminantsheavy metalsantimicrobial resistancebiofilm |
| spellingShingle | Hasan Ejaz Kashaf Junaid Humaira Yasmeen Amina Naseer Hafsa Alam Sonia Younas Muhammad Usman Qamar Abualgasim E. Abdalla Khalid O. A. Abosalif Naveed Ahmad Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance and Heavy Metal Tolerance of Biofilm-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Dairy and Non-Dairy Food Products Foods dairy non-dairy food contaminants heavy metals antimicrobial resistance biofilm |
| title | Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance and Heavy Metal Tolerance of Biofilm-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Dairy and Non-Dairy Food Products |
| title_full | Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance and Heavy Metal Tolerance of Biofilm-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Dairy and Non-Dairy Food Products |
| title_fullStr | Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance and Heavy Metal Tolerance of Biofilm-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Dairy and Non-Dairy Food Products |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance and Heavy Metal Tolerance of Biofilm-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Dairy and Non-Dairy Food Products |
| title_short | Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance and Heavy Metal Tolerance of Biofilm-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Dairy and Non-Dairy Food Products |
| title_sort | multiple antimicrobial resistance and heavy metal tolerance of biofilm producing bacteria isolated from dairy and non dairy food products |
| topic | dairy non-dairy food contaminants heavy metals antimicrobial resistance biofilm |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/18/2728 |
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