Vitamin D Immune-Mediated Responses and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Implications in COVID-19
Active vitamin D is a true steroid hormone with pleiotropic biological effects that go beyond the classical concept of bone metabolism regulation. In fact, adequate serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (>40 ng/mL) are required to support several biological functions, including the control of innat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Immuno |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5601/2/1/1 |
| _version_ | 1811271817120186368 |
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| author | Emanuele Gotelli Sabrina Paolino Stefano Soldano Maurizio Cutolo |
| author_facet | Emanuele Gotelli Sabrina Paolino Stefano Soldano Maurizio Cutolo |
| author_sort | Emanuele Gotelli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Active vitamin D is a true steroid hormone with pleiotropic biological effects that go beyond the classical concept of bone metabolism regulation. In fact, adequate serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (>40 ng/mL) are required to support several biological functions, including the control of innate and adaptive immunity in course of infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic and deficient/insufficient serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are reported in very large cohorts of patients. Of note, vitamin D is involved in different pathophysiological processes, such as expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor (ACE2), activation of innate (neutrophils with their extracellular traps, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells) and adaptive (T and B lymphocytes) immune cells and clinical manifestations, such as coagulation/thrombotic disorders and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Randomized clinical trials regarding vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 patients have shown favorable effects on the control of inflammation markers, arterial oxygen saturation/inspired fraction of oxygen ratio, admission to hospital intensive care units and mortality. A target of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D > 50 ng/mL has been identified as protective for the course of COVID-19, potentially playing an ancillary role in the treatment of the disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T22:27:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f95ceb16098c4efe83a2f0fd9094c9bd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-5601 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T22:27:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Immuno |
| spelling | doaj.art-f95ceb16098c4efe83a2f0fd9094c9bd2022-12-22T03:14:04ZengMDPI AGImmuno2673-56012021-12-012111210.3390/immuno2010001Vitamin D Immune-Mediated Responses and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Implications in COVID-19Emanuele Gotelli0Sabrina Paolino1Stefano Soldano2Maurizio Cutolo3Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties (DIMI), University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic, 16132 Genova, ItalyLaboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties (DIMI), University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic, 16132 Genova, ItalyLaboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties (DIMI), University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic, 16132 Genova, ItalyLaboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties (DIMI), University of Genova, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic, 16132 Genova, ItalyActive vitamin D is a true steroid hormone with pleiotropic biological effects that go beyond the classical concept of bone metabolism regulation. In fact, adequate serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (>40 ng/mL) are required to support several biological functions, including the control of innate and adaptive immunity in course of infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic and deficient/insufficient serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are reported in very large cohorts of patients. Of note, vitamin D is involved in different pathophysiological processes, such as expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor (ACE2), activation of innate (neutrophils with their extracellular traps, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells) and adaptive (T and B lymphocytes) immune cells and clinical manifestations, such as coagulation/thrombotic disorders and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Randomized clinical trials regarding vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 patients have shown favorable effects on the control of inflammation markers, arterial oxygen saturation/inspired fraction of oxygen ratio, admission to hospital intensive care units and mortality. A target of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D > 50 ng/mL has been identified as protective for the course of COVID-19, potentially playing an ancillary role in the treatment of the disease.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5601/2/1/1vitamin Dneuroendocrine immunologycoronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)innate immunityadaptive immunity |
| spellingShingle | Emanuele Gotelli Sabrina Paolino Stefano Soldano Maurizio Cutolo Vitamin D Immune-Mediated Responses and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Implications in COVID-19 Immuno vitamin D neuroendocrine immunology coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) innate immunity adaptive immunity |
| title | Vitamin D Immune-Mediated Responses and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Implications in COVID-19 |
| title_full | Vitamin D Immune-Mediated Responses and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Implications in COVID-19 |
| title_fullStr | Vitamin D Immune-Mediated Responses and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Implications in COVID-19 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vitamin D Immune-Mediated Responses and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Implications in COVID-19 |
| title_short | Vitamin D Immune-Mediated Responses and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Implications in COVID-19 |
| title_sort | vitamin d immune mediated responses and sars cov 2 infection clinical implications in covid 19 |
| topic | vitamin D neuroendocrine immunology coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) innate immunity adaptive immunity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5601/2/1/1 |
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