Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Asian Citrus Psyllid <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Huanglongbing in Citrus for Sarawak, East Malaysia, Borneo
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama, transmits ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus’ (<i>C</i>Las), a phloem-limited bacterium associated with the severe Asian form of huanglongbing (HLB), and the most destructive disease of citru...
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/10/960 |
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| author | Sui S. Leong Stephen C. T. Leong George A. C. Beattie |
| author_facet | Sui S. Leong Stephen C. T. Leong George A. C. Beattie |
| author_sort | Sui S. Leong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama, transmits ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus’ (<i>C</i>Las), a phloem-limited bacterium associated with the severe Asian form of huanglongbing (HLB), and the most destructive disease of citrus. The pathogen and the psyllid, both of South Asian origin, are now widespread in citrus regions of Asia and the Americas. There is no cure for the disease. Application of synthetic pesticides, in some instances more frequently than fortnightly, to minimise incidence of ACP in citrus orchards, has not prevented inevitable impacts of the disease in regions of Asia where <i>C</i>Las is present. Despite the inevitable spread of the disease, significant progress has been made in Sarawak since the mid-1990s towards effectively implementing integrated pest management (IPM) programs for stemming the impact of the disease and detrimental consequences of over-reliance on synthetic pesticides. Growers are encouraged to plant pathogen-free trees, remove diseased trees, monitor incidence of the psyllid, and to use pesticides judiciously to reduce their detrimental impacts on natural enemies. Knowledge has been enhanced through research on seasonal incidence of the psyllid, use of mineral oils, development of protocols and iodine–starch test kits for detecting infected trees, PCR for confirming the presence of <i>C</i>Las in symptomatic leaves, methods for monitoring incidence the psyllid, and training extension staff and growers. However, major impediments to increasing the average longevity of trees beyond <5 years in poorly managed orchards, based on marcotting (air layering), and >12 years in well-managed orchards, based on pathogen-free trees, still need to be addressed. These include grower knowledge, marcotting, aggressive marketing of synthetic pesticides, high prices of mineral oils, spray application procedures, and better reliance on natural enemies of the psyllid. |
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| language | English |
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| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj.art-f95e90e523c04aa489bd6e61040809d82023-11-24T00:38:36ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502022-10-01131096010.3390/insects13100960Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Asian Citrus Psyllid <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Huanglongbing in Citrus for Sarawak, East Malaysia, BorneoSui S. Leong0Stephen C. T. Leong1George A. C. Beattie2Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Nyabau Road, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, MalaysiaFaculty of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Nyabau Road, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, MalaysiaSchool of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, AustraliaThe Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama, transmits ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus’ (<i>C</i>Las), a phloem-limited bacterium associated with the severe Asian form of huanglongbing (HLB), and the most destructive disease of citrus. The pathogen and the psyllid, both of South Asian origin, are now widespread in citrus regions of Asia and the Americas. There is no cure for the disease. Application of synthetic pesticides, in some instances more frequently than fortnightly, to minimise incidence of ACP in citrus orchards, has not prevented inevitable impacts of the disease in regions of Asia where <i>C</i>Las is present. Despite the inevitable spread of the disease, significant progress has been made in Sarawak since the mid-1990s towards effectively implementing integrated pest management (IPM) programs for stemming the impact of the disease and detrimental consequences of over-reliance on synthetic pesticides. Growers are encouraged to plant pathogen-free trees, remove diseased trees, monitor incidence of the psyllid, and to use pesticides judiciously to reduce their detrimental impacts on natural enemies. Knowledge has been enhanced through research on seasonal incidence of the psyllid, use of mineral oils, development of protocols and iodine–starch test kits for detecting infected trees, PCR for confirming the presence of <i>C</i>Las in symptomatic leaves, methods for monitoring incidence the psyllid, and training extension staff and growers. However, major impediments to increasing the average longevity of trees beyond <5 years in poorly managed orchards, based on marcotting (air layering), and >12 years in well-managed orchards, based on pathogen-free trees, still need to be addressed. These include grower knowledge, marcotting, aggressive marketing of synthetic pesticides, high prices of mineral oils, spray application procedures, and better reliance on natural enemies of the psyllid.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/10/960citrus<i>Diaphorina citri</i>‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus’huanglongbinginsecticidesintegrated pest management |
| spellingShingle | Sui S. Leong Stephen C. T. Leong George A. C. Beattie Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Asian Citrus Psyllid <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Huanglongbing in Citrus for Sarawak, East Malaysia, Borneo Insects citrus <i>Diaphorina citri</i> ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus’ huanglongbing insecticides integrated pest management |
| title | Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Asian Citrus Psyllid <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Huanglongbing in Citrus for Sarawak, East Malaysia, Borneo |
| title_full | Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Asian Citrus Psyllid <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Huanglongbing in Citrus for Sarawak, East Malaysia, Borneo |
| title_fullStr | Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Asian Citrus Psyllid <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Huanglongbing in Citrus for Sarawak, East Malaysia, Borneo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Asian Citrus Psyllid <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Huanglongbing in Citrus for Sarawak, East Malaysia, Borneo |
| title_short | Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Asian Citrus Psyllid <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Huanglongbing in Citrus for Sarawak, East Malaysia, Borneo |
| title_sort | integrated pest management strategies for asian citrus psyllid i diaphorina citri i kuwayama hemiptera psyllidae and huanglongbing in citrus for sarawak east malaysia borneo |
| topic | citrus <i>Diaphorina citri</i> ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus’ huanglongbing insecticides integrated pest management |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/10/960 |
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