Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study biofilm growth in a 3D-printed flow cell system
Biofilm contamination is a widespread issue that can occur anywhere when organisms attach to surfaces in the presence of water. In industrial environments, formation of biofilms can lead to component failure, material degradation, and biofouling or spoilage, which collectively come with significant...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137023000237 |
| _version_ | 1797733932481904640 |
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| author | Matthew McGlennen Markus Dieser Christine M. Foreman Stephan Warnat |
| author_facet | Matthew McGlennen Markus Dieser Christine M. Foreman Stephan Warnat |
| author_sort | Matthew McGlennen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biofilm contamination is a widespread issue that can occur anywhere when organisms attach to surfaces in the presence of water. In industrial environments, formation of biofilms can lead to component failure, material degradation, and biofouling or spoilage, which collectively come with significant economic costs. Microfabricated electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensors have emerged as a promising tool for monitoring biofilm as EIS sensors capture information about biofilm growth autonomously in real-time; however, sensors suffer from drift, and the technique lacks temporal interpretation of dynamic biofilm processes. In this work, microfabricated sensors featuring gold micro-interdigitated electrodes (μIDEs) were modified with an electrically conductive polymer layer resulting in EIS measurement variability that was significantly reduced compared to unmodified sensors, and enabled highly stable, time-resolved EIS measurements. EIS characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in parallel with high-resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was performed using a novel 3D-printed flow cell system, resulting in distinct changes to EIS data corresponding with consistent biofilm growth. We have shown that EIS microsensors can detect four stages of biofilm: (i) initial biofilm attachment to the sensor substrate, (ii) early-stage irreversible biofilm proliferation characterized by sparse biofilm coverage, (iii) mature biofilm detection characterized by uniform biofilm coverage, and (iv) changes due to detachment and regrowth of biofilm. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T12:35:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f985d1a388b745838b5e90d05a3fb668 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2590-1370 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T12:35:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X |
| spelling | doaj.art-f985d1a388b745838b5e90d05a3fb6682023-08-29T04:17:46ZengElsevierBiosensors and Bioelectronics: X2590-13702023-09-0114100326Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study biofilm growth in a 3D-printed flow cell systemMatthew McGlennen0Markus Dieser1Christine M. Foreman2Stephan Warnat3Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USACenter for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USACenter for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USACenter for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Corresponding author. Montana State University, Roberts Hall 304, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.Biofilm contamination is a widespread issue that can occur anywhere when organisms attach to surfaces in the presence of water. In industrial environments, formation of biofilms can lead to component failure, material degradation, and biofouling or spoilage, which collectively come with significant economic costs. Microfabricated electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensors have emerged as a promising tool for monitoring biofilm as EIS sensors capture information about biofilm growth autonomously in real-time; however, sensors suffer from drift, and the technique lacks temporal interpretation of dynamic biofilm processes. In this work, microfabricated sensors featuring gold micro-interdigitated electrodes (μIDEs) were modified with an electrically conductive polymer layer resulting in EIS measurement variability that was significantly reduced compared to unmodified sensors, and enabled highly stable, time-resolved EIS measurements. EIS characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in parallel with high-resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was performed using a novel 3D-printed flow cell system, resulting in distinct changes to EIS data corresponding with consistent biofilm growth. We have shown that EIS microsensors can detect four stages of biofilm: (i) initial biofilm attachment to the sensor substrate, (ii) early-stage irreversible biofilm proliferation characterized by sparse biofilm coverage, (iii) mature biofilm detection characterized by uniform biofilm coverage, and (iv) changes due to detachment and regrowth of biofilm.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137023000237BiofilmElectrochemical impedance spectroscopyConfocal laser scanning microscopy3D printingFlow cellMicrofabricated sensor |
| spellingShingle | Matthew McGlennen Markus Dieser Christine M. Foreman Stephan Warnat Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study biofilm growth in a 3D-printed flow cell system Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X Biofilm Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Confocal laser scanning microscopy 3D printing Flow cell Microfabricated sensor |
| title | Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study biofilm growth in a 3D-printed flow cell system |
| title_full | Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study biofilm growth in a 3D-printed flow cell system |
| title_fullStr | Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study biofilm growth in a 3D-printed flow cell system |
| title_full_unstemmed | Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study biofilm growth in a 3D-printed flow cell system |
| title_short | Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study biofilm growth in a 3D-printed flow cell system |
| title_sort | using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study biofilm growth in a 3d printed flow cell system |
| topic | Biofilm Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Confocal laser scanning microscopy 3D printing Flow cell Microfabricated sensor |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137023000237 |
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