Analysis of Trace Metal Concentration in Rainwater Samples Collected from Spatially Separated Coastal Cities Facing the South China Sea in Northern Sarawak, Borneo
Abstract A comparative analysis of trace metal (Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni and Co) concentration and physical parameters (pH, EC, TDS and DO) in rainwater samples collected from two major coastal cities in Malaysian Borneo (Sarawak state) were determined in the present research. Cumulative monthly r...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2021.076 |
| _version_ | 1797416181960802304 |
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| author | MV Krishnan Ninu MV Prasanna H Vijith |
| author_facet | MV Krishnan Ninu MV Prasanna H Vijith |
| author_sort | MV Krishnan Ninu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract A comparative analysis of trace metal (Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni and Co) concentration and physical parameters (pH, EC, TDS and DO) in rainwater samples collected from two major coastal cities in Malaysian Borneo (Sarawak state) were determined in the present research. Cumulative monthly rainwater samples were collected from the Limbang city and Miri city during October 2016–September 2017. Rainwater collected from the Limbang city shows slightly alkaline nature with a mean pH≥6.07 whereas the rainwater in Miri city is acidic(mean pH = 5.35). Trace metal concentration in rainwater collected from both locations shows slight variation. Mean concentration of trace metals in rainwater samples follows the decreasing order of Fe>Ni>Pb>Mn> Co>Cu>Zn>Cd and Fe>Ni>Pb>Mn>Zn>Co>Cu>Cd in Limbang city and Miri city respectively. Among the trace metals, Fe (1.09 and 0.98 mg/L) and Ni (0.15 and 0.13 mg/L) shows the highest mean concentration in rainwater samples collected from both locations and maximum concentration of trace metals are observed in rainwater samples collected from the Limbang city. Pearson’s correlation test explained the inter-relationship between the parameters whereas the factor analysis confirmed the contributing sources of trace metals (anthropogenic activities such as pollution from vehicles, petrochemical industries, forest biomass burning and dust particles from exposed land area) and its variation in the rainwater samples by showing a total variance of 80.18% with three factor components in the Limbang city and a variance of 93.11% with four factor components in Miri city. High Pb/Zn ratio also indicates the strong influence of anthropogenic activities present in the region. Backward air mass trajectory analysis supports the findings by indicating a contribution from combined marine and crustal sources of air mass trajectories reaching the sampling locations and is heavily controlled by prevailing monsoon characteristics of the region. Overall, it can be concluded that, the major source of trace metals in rainwater in this region is contributed by anthropogenic processes operated in the region. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:59:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f98ae70e9f034c208729f4651b714c35 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1976-6912 2287-1160 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:59:48Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment |
| spelling | doaj.art-f98ae70e9f034c208729f4651b714c352023-12-03T12:10:26ZengSpringerAsian Journal of Atmospheric Environment1976-69122287-11602021-12-0115411810.5572/ajae.2021.076Analysis of Trace Metal Concentration in Rainwater Samples Collected from Spatially Separated Coastal Cities Facing the South China Sea in Northern Sarawak, BorneoMV Krishnan Ninu0MV Prasanna1H Vijith2Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University MalaysiaDepartment of Applied Geology, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University MalaysiaIndependent ResearcherAbstract A comparative analysis of trace metal (Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni and Co) concentration and physical parameters (pH, EC, TDS and DO) in rainwater samples collected from two major coastal cities in Malaysian Borneo (Sarawak state) were determined in the present research. Cumulative monthly rainwater samples were collected from the Limbang city and Miri city during October 2016–September 2017. Rainwater collected from the Limbang city shows slightly alkaline nature with a mean pH≥6.07 whereas the rainwater in Miri city is acidic(mean pH = 5.35). Trace metal concentration in rainwater collected from both locations shows slight variation. Mean concentration of trace metals in rainwater samples follows the decreasing order of Fe>Ni>Pb>Mn> Co>Cu>Zn>Cd and Fe>Ni>Pb>Mn>Zn>Co>Cu>Cd in Limbang city and Miri city respectively. Among the trace metals, Fe (1.09 and 0.98 mg/L) and Ni (0.15 and 0.13 mg/L) shows the highest mean concentration in rainwater samples collected from both locations and maximum concentration of trace metals are observed in rainwater samples collected from the Limbang city. Pearson’s correlation test explained the inter-relationship between the parameters whereas the factor analysis confirmed the contributing sources of trace metals (anthropogenic activities such as pollution from vehicles, petrochemical industries, forest biomass burning and dust particles from exposed land area) and its variation in the rainwater samples by showing a total variance of 80.18% with three factor components in the Limbang city and a variance of 93.11% with four factor components in Miri city. High Pb/Zn ratio also indicates the strong influence of anthropogenic activities present in the region. Backward air mass trajectory analysis supports the findings by indicating a contribution from combined marine and crustal sources of air mass trajectories reaching the sampling locations and is heavily controlled by prevailing monsoon characteristics of the region. Overall, it can be concluded that, the major source of trace metals in rainwater in this region is contributed by anthropogenic processes operated in the region.https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2021.076Trace metalsStatistical analysisHYSPLITTrajectorySarawak |
| spellingShingle | MV Krishnan Ninu MV Prasanna H Vijith Analysis of Trace Metal Concentration in Rainwater Samples Collected from Spatially Separated Coastal Cities Facing the South China Sea in Northern Sarawak, Borneo Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment Trace metals Statistical analysis HYSPLIT Trajectory Sarawak |
| title | Analysis of Trace Metal Concentration in Rainwater Samples Collected from Spatially Separated Coastal Cities Facing the South China Sea in Northern Sarawak, Borneo |
| title_full | Analysis of Trace Metal Concentration in Rainwater Samples Collected from Spatially Separated Coastal Cities Facing the South China Sea in Northern Sarawak, Borneo |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Trace Metal Concentration in Rainwater Samples Collected from Spatially Separated Coastal Cities Facing the South China Sea in Northern Sarawak, Borneo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Trace Metal Concentration in Rainwater Samples Collected from Spatially Separated Coastal Cities Facing the South China Sea in Northern Sarawak, Borneo |
| title_short | Analysis of Trace Metal Concentration in Rainwater Samples Collected from Spatially Separated Coastal Cities Facing the South China Sea in Northern Sarawak, Borneo |
| title_sort | analysis of trace metal concentration in rainwater samples collected from spatially separated coastal cities facing the south china sea in northern sarawak borneo |
| topic | Trace metals Statistical analysis HYSPLIT Trajectory Sarawak |
| url | https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2021.076 |
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