Impact of Cropping Pattern and Climatic Parameters in Lower Chenab Canal System—Case Study from Punjab Pakistan
In Pakistan, groundwater resources are depleting at an alarming rate due to intensive pumping, shifting of cropping patterns, and climate change vulnerability. The present study is aimed at investigating groundwater stress in the command area of Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) and associated branch canals....
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/5/708 |
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| author | Ahmad Mujtaba Ghulam Nabi Muhammad Masood Mudassar Iqbal Hafiz M. Asfahan Muhammad Sultan Faizan Majeed Oliver Hensel Abozar Nasirahmadi |
| author_facet | Ahmad Mujtaba Ghulam Nabi Muhammad Masood Mudassar Iqbal Hafiz M. Asfahan Muhammad Sultan Faizan Majeed Oliver Hensel Abozar Nasirahmadi |
| author_sort | Ahmad Mujtaba |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In Pakistan, groundwater resources are depleting at an alarming rate due to intensive pumping, shifting of cropping patterns, and climate change vulnerability. The present study is aimed at investigating groundwater stress in the command area of Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) and associated branch canals. Groundwater stress is determined by considering the cropping patterns, surface water availability, groundwater levels, climatic variation, and crop water requirement (CWR) in the LCC command area. The climatic data is obtained from the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) from 1990 to 2020. The records of temporal variation in cropping patterns are obtained from the Crop Reporting Service (CRS), Directorate of Agriculture, Lahore for the 1995–2020 period and classified according to Rabi season (November to April) and Kharif season (May to October). The LCC surface water flows data and groundwater levels are collected from the Punjab Irrigation Department (PID) Lahore from 2003 to 2018 and from 1995 to 2016, respectively. The CWR is estimated using the Cropwat 8.0 model and groundwater levels are estimated using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) tool of ArcGIS software. It has been determined that Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, and Toba Tek Singh are highly groundwater stress cities having an average drawdown rate of 0.58 m/year. The surface water availability is also decreased from 7.75 to 4.81 billion cubic meters (Bm<sup>3</sup>) for the Kharif season whilst 4.17 to 2.63 Bm<sup>3</sup> for the Rabi season. This study concluded that due to severe conditions in highly stressed areas, policy planners, decision-makers, and stakeholders should sincerely take some steps for maintaining groundwater levels either by capacity building workshops for the farmers or limiting the number of tubewells. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:31:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f9c5144406724926a7fba8c321cc4a26 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:31:53Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-f9c5144406724926a7fba8c321cc4a262023-11-23T09:40:32ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722022-05-0112570810.3390/agriculture12050708Impact of Cropping Pattern and Climatic Parameters in Lower Chenab Canal System—Case Study from Punjab PakistanAhmad Mujtaba0Ghulam Nabi1Muhammad Masood2Mudassar Iqbal3Hafiz M. Asfahan4Muhammad Sultan5Faizan Majeed6Oliver Hensel7Abozar Nasirahmadi8Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, PakistanCentre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, PakistanCentre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, PakistanCentre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, PakistanDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bosan Road, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bosan Road, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bosan Road, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, 37213 Witzenhausen, GermanyDepartment of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, 37213 Witzenhausen, GermanyIn Pakistan, groundwater resources are depleting at an alarming rate due to intensive pumping, shifting of cropping patterns, and climate change vulnerability. The present study is aimed at investigating groundwater stress in the command area of Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) and associated branch canals. Groundwater stress is determined by considering the cropping patterns, surface water availability, groundwater levels, climatic variation, and crop water requirement (CWR) in the LCC command area. The climatic data is obtained from the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) from 1990 to 2020. The records of temporal variation in cropping patterns are obtained from the Crop Reporting Service (CRS), Directorate of Agriculture, Lahore for the 1995–2020 period and classified according to Rabi season (November to April) and Kharif season (May to October). The LCC surface water flows data and groundwater levels are collected from the Punjab Irrigation Department (PID) Lahore from 2003 to 2018 and from 1995 to 2016, respectively. The CWR is estimated using the Cropwat 8.0 model and groundwater levels are estimated using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) tool of ArcGIS software. It has been determined that Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, and Toba Tek Singh are highly groundwater stress cities having an average drawdown rate of 0.58 m/year. The surface water availability is also decreased from 7.75 to 4.81 billion cubic meters (Bm<sup>3</sup>) for the Kharif season whilst 4.17 to 2.63 Bm<sup>3</sup> for the Rabi season. This study concluded that due to severe conditions in highly stressed areas, policy planners, decision-makers, and stakeholders should sincerely take some steps for maintaining groundwater levels either by capacity building workshops for the farmers or limiting the number of tubewells.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/5/708cropping patternwater stressLCC areasurface water availabilityCROPWAT |
| spellingShingle | Ahmad Mujtaba Ghulam Nabi Muhammad Masood Mudassar Iqbal Hafiz M. Asfahan Muhammad Sultan Faizan Majeed Oliver Hensel Abozar Nasirahmadi Impact of Cropping Pattern and Climatic Parameters in Lower Chenab Canal System—Case Study from Punjab Pakistan Agriculture cropping pattern water stress LCC area surface water availability CROPWAT |
| title | Impact of Cropping Pattern and Climatic Parameters in Lower Chenab Canal System—Case Study from Punjab Pakistan |
| title_full | Impact of Cropping Pattern and Climatic Parameters in Lower Chenab Canal System—Case Study from Punjab Pakistan |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Cropping Pattern and Climatic Parameters in Lower Chenab Canal System—Case Study from Punjab Pakistan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Cropping Pattern and Climatic Parameters in Lower Chenab Canal System—Case Study from Punjab Pakistan |
| title_short | Impact of Cropping Pattern and Climatic Parameters in Lower Chenab Canal System—Case Study from Punjab Pakistan |
| title_sort | impact of cropping pattern and climatic parameters in lower chenab canal system case study from punjab pakistan |
| topic | cropping pattern water stress LCC area surface water availability CROPWAT |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/5/708 |
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