Evidence of Differences in Cellular Regulation of <i>Wolbachia</i>-Mediated Viral Inhibition between Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses
The intracellular bacterium <i>Wolbachia</i> is increasingly being utilised in control programs to limit the spread of arboviruses by <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes. Achieving a better understanding of how <i>Wolbachia</i> strains can reduce viral replication/spread coul...
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/1/115 |
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| author | Stephanie M. Rainey Daniella A. Lefteri Christie Darby Alain Kohl Andres Merits Steven P. Sinkins |
| author_facet | Stephanie M. Rainey Daniella A. Lefteri Christie Darby Alain Kohl Andres Merits Steven P. Sinkins |
| author_sort | Stephanie M. Rainey |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The intracellular bacterium <i>Wolbachia</i> is increasingly being utilised in control programs to limit the spread of arboviruses by <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes. Achieving a better understanding of how <i>Wolbachia</i> strains can reduce viral replication/spread could be important for the long-term success of such programs. Previous studies have indicated that for some strains of <i>Wolbachia</i>, perturbations in lipid metabolism and cholesterol storage are vital in <i>Wolbachia</i>-mediated antiviral activity against the flaviviruses dengue and Zika; however, it has not yet been examined whether arboviruses in the alphavirus group are affected in the same way. Here, using the reporters for the alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) in <i>Aedes albopictus</i> cells, we found that <i>Wolbachia</i> strains <i>w</i>Mel, <i>w</i>Au and <i>w</i>AlbB blocked viral replication/translation early in infection and that storage of cholesterol in lipid droplets is not key to this inhibition. Another alphavirus, o’nyong nyong virus (ONNV), was tested in both <i>Aedes albopictus</i> cells and in vivo in stable, transinfected <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquito lines. The strains <i>w</i>Mel, <i>w</i>Au and <i>w</i>AlbB show strong antiviral activity against ONNV both in vitro and in vivo. Again, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPCD) was not able to rescue ONNV replication in cell lines, suggesting that the release of stored cholesterol caused by <i>w</i>Mel is not able to rescue blockage of ONNV. Taken together, this study shows that alphaviruses appear to be inhibited early in replication/translation and that there may be differences in how alphaviruses are inhibited by <i>Wolbachia</i> in comparison to flaviviruses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:33:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f9dc37b963a94dd1b7e2ea3dcc203aaa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:33:01Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f9dc37b963a94dd1b7e2ea3dcc203aaa2024-01-26T18:48:18ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152024-01-0116111510.3390/v16010115Evidence of Differences in Cellular Regulation of <i>Wolbachia</i>-Mediated Viral Inhibition between Alphaviruses and FlavivirusesStephanie M. Rainey0Daniella A. Lefteri1Christie Darby2Alain Kohl3Andres Merits4Steven P. Sinkins5MRC-University of Glasgow-Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, University of Glasogw, Glasgow G61 1QH, UKMRC-University of Glasgow-Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, University of Glasogw, Glasgow G61 1QH, UKMRC-University of Glasgow-Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, University of Glasogw, Glasgow G61 1QH, UKMRC-University of Glasgow-Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, University of Glasogw, Glasgow G61 1QH, UKInstitute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, EstoniaMRC-University of Glasgow-Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, University of Glasogw, Glasgow G61 1QH, UKThe intracellular bacterium <i>Wolbachia</i> is increasingly being utilised in control programs to limit the spread of arboviruses by <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes. Achieving a better understanding of how <i>Wolbachia</i> strains can reduce viral replication/spread could be important for the long-term success of such programs. Previous studies have indicated that for some strains of <i>Wolbachia</i>, perturbations in lipid metabolism and cholesterol storage are vital in <i>Wolbachia</i>-mediated antiviral activity against the flaviviruses dengue and Zika; however, it has not yet been examined whether arboviruses in the alphavirus group are affected in the same way. Here, using the reporters for the alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) in <i>Aedes albopictus</i> cells, we found that <i>Wolbachia</i> strains <i>w</i>Mel, <i>w</i>Au and <i>w</i>AlbB blocked viral replication/translation early in infection and that storage of cholesterol in lipid droplets is not key to this inhibition. Another alphavirus, o’nyong nyong virus (ONNV), was tested in both <i>Aedes albopictus</i> cells and in vivo in stable, transinfected <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquito lines. The strains <i>w</i>Mel, <i>w</i>Au and <i>w</i>AlbB show strong antiviral activity against ONNV both in vitro and in vivo. Again, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPCD) was not able to rescue ONNV replication in cell lines, suggesting that the release of stored cholesterol caused by <i>w</i>Mel is not able to rescue blockage of ONNV. Taken together, this study shows that alphaviruses appear to be inhibited early in replication/translation and that there may be differences in how alphaviruses are inhibited by <i>Wolbachia</i> in comparison to flaviviruses.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/1/115<i>Wolbachia</i>alphavirusesflaviviruses |
| spellingShingle | Stephanie M. Rainey Daniella A. Lefteri Christie Darby Alain Kohl Andres Merits Steven P. Sinkins Evidence of Differences in Cellular Regulation of <i>Wolbachia</i>-Mediated Viral Inhibition between Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses Viruses <i>Wolbachia</i> alphaviruses flaviviruses |
| title | Evidence of Differences in Cellular Regulation of <i>Wolbachia</i>-Mediated Viral Inhibition between Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses |
| title_full | Evidence of Differences in Cellular Regulation of <i>Wolbachia</i>-Mediated Viral Inhibition between Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses |
| title_fullStr | Evidence of Differences in Cellular Regulation of <i>Wolbachia</i>-Mediated Viral Inhibition between Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evidence of Differences in Cellular Regulation of <i>Wolbachia</i>-Mediated Viral Inhibition between Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses |
| title_short | Evidence of Differences in Cellular Regulation of <i>Wolbachia</i>-Mediated Viral Inhibition between Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses |
| title_sort | evidence of differences in cellular regulation of i wolbachia i mediated viral inhibition between alphaviruses and flaviviruses |
| topic | <i>Wolbachia</i> alphaviruses flaviviruses |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/1/115 |
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