Development and validation of a survey instrument to measure factors that influence pharmacist adoption of prescribing in Alberta, Canada
Objective: Study objectives were to develop a questionnaire to assess factors influencing pharmacists’ adoption of prescribing (i.e., continuing, adapting or initiating therapy), describe use of pre-incentive and mixed mode survey, and establish survey psychometric properties. Methods: Questions we...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Centro de Investigaciones y Publicaciones Farmaceuticas
2018-03-01
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| Series: | Pharmacy Practice |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.pharmacypractice.org/journal/index.php/pp/article/view/1068/601 |
| _version_ | 1811281322096721920 |
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| author | Guirguis LM Hughes CA Makowsky MJ Sadowski CA Schindel TJ Yuksel N Faruquee CF |
| author_facet | Guirguis LM Hughes CA Makowsky MJ Sadowski CA Schindel TJ Yuksel N Faruquee CF |
| author_sort | Guirguis LM |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective: Study objectives were to develop a questionnaire to assess factors influencing pharmacists’ adoption of prescribing (i.e., continuing, adapting or initiating therapy), describe use of pre-incentive and mixed mode survey, and establish survey psychometric properties.
Methods: Questions were developed based on prior qualitative research and Diffusion of Innovation theory. Expert review, cognitive testing, survey pilot, and main survey were used to test the questionnaire. Six content experts reviewed the questionnaire to establish face and content validity. Ten pharmacists from diverse practice settings were purposefully recruited for a cognitive interview to verify question readability. Content analysis was used to analyze the results. A pre-survey introduction letter with a monetary incentive was mailed via post to 100 (i.e. pilot) and 700 (i.e., main survey) randomly selected pharmacists. This was followed by an e-mail with a personalized link to the online questionnaire, e-mail reminders, and a telephone reminder if required. The psychometric properties of scales were evaluated with an exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha. Scale responses were described.
Results: Engagement of six experts and ten pharmacists clarified definitions (e.g., prescribing), terminology, recall periods, and response options for the 34-item response scale. Fifty-six pharmacists completed the online pilot survey. Based on this data, ambiguous questions and routing issues were addressed. Three hundred and seventy-eight pharmacists completed the online main survey for a response rate of 54.6%. The factors analysis resulted in 27 questions in eight scales: (1) self-efficacy, (2) support from practice environment, (3) support from interprofessional relationship, (4) impact on professionalism, (5) impact on patient care), (6) prescribing beliefs, (7) technical use of electronic health record (EHR) and (8) patient care use of the EHR. Prescribing beliefs and technical use of the EHR scales had low reliability while the remaining six scales had strong evidence for reliability and validity.
Conclusion: Through a multi-stage process, a survey instrument was developed to capture pharmacists’ perceptions of prescribing influences. This questionnaire may support future research to develop interventions to enhance adoption of prescribing and enhance direct patient care by pharmacists. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T01:31:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f9e4e3cf5b8a44069e2af0d6337d761e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1885-642X 1885-642X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T01:31:35Z |
| publishDate | 2018-03-01 |
| publisher | Centro de Investigaciones y Publicaciones Farmaceuticas |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmacy Practice |
| spelling | doaj.art-f9e4e3cf5b8a44069e2af0d6337d761e2022-12-22T03:08:30ZengCentro de Investigaciones y Publicaciones FarmaceuticasPharmacy Practice1885-642X1885-642X2018-03-01161106810.18549/PharmPract.2018.01.1068Development and validation of a survey instrument to measure factors that influence pharmacist adoption of prescribing in Alberta, CanadaGuirguis LMHughes CAMakowsky MJSadowski CASchindel TJYuksel NFaruquee CFObjective: Study objectives were to develop a questionnaire to assess factors influencing pharmacists’ adoption of prescribing (i.e., continuing, adapting or initiating therapy), describe use of pre-incentive and mixed mode survey, and establish survey psychometric properties. Methods: Questions were developed based on prior qualitative research and Diffusion of Innovation theory. Expert review, cognitive testing, survey pilot, and main survey were used to test the questionnaire. Six content experts reviewed the questionnaire to establish face and content validity. Ten pharmacists from diverse practice settings were purposefully recruited for a cognitive interview to verify question readability. Content analysis was used to analyze the results. A pre-survey introduction letter with a monetary incentive was mailed via post to 100 (i.e. pilot) and 700 (i.e., main survey) randomly selected pharmacists. This was followed by an e-mail with a personalized link to the online questionnaire, e-mail reminders, and a telephone reminder if required. The psychometric properties of scales were evaluated with an exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha. Scale responses were described. Results: Engagement of six experts and ten pharmacists clarified definitions (e.g., prescribing), terminology, recall periods, and response options for the 34-item response scale. Fifty-six pharmacists completed the online pilot survey. Based on this data, ambiguous questions and routing issues were addressed. Three hundred and seventy-eight pharmacists completed the online main survey for a response rate of 54.6%. The factors analysis resulted in 27 questions in eight scales: (1) self-efficacy, (2) support from practice environment, (3) support from interprofessional relationship, (4) impact on professionalism, (5) impact on patient care), (6) prescribing beliefs, (7) technical use of electronic health record (EHR) and (8) patient care use of the EHR. Prescribing beliefs and technical use of the EHR scales had low reliability while the remaining six scales had strong evidence for reliability and validity. Conclusion: Through a multi-stage process, a survey instrument was developed to capture pharmacists’ perceptions of prescribing influences. This questionnaire may support future research to develop interventions to enhance adoption of prescribing and enhance direct patient care by pharmacists.https://www.pharmacypractice.org/journal/index.php/pp/article/view/1068/601PharmacistsDrug PrescriptionsPrescription DrugsPharmaceutical ServicesProfessional RoleValidation Studies as TopicPsychometricsSurveys and QuestionnairesCanada |
| spellingShingle | Guirguis LM Hughes CA Makowsky MJ Sadowski CA Schindel TJ Yuksel N Faruquee CF Development and validation of a survey instrument to measure factors that influence pharmacist adoption of prescribing in Alberta, Canada Pharmacy Practice Pharmacists Drug Prescriptions Prescription Drugs Pharmaceutical Services Professional Role Validation Studies as Topic Psychometrics Surveys and Questionnaires Canada |
| title | Development and validation of a survey instrument to measure factors that influence pharmacist adoption of prescribing in Alberta, Canada |
| title_full | Development and validation of a survey instrument to measure factors that influence pharmacist adoption of prescribing in Alberta, Canada |
| title_fullStr | Development and validation of a survey instrument to measure factors that influence pharmacist adoption of prescribing in Alberta, Canada |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development and validation of a survey instrument to measure factors that influence pharmacist adoption of prescribing in Alberta, Canada |
| title_short | Development and validation of a survey instrument to measure factors that influence pharmacist adoption of prescribing in Alberta, Canada |
| title_sort | development and validation of a survey instrument to measure factors that influence pharmacist adoption of prescribing in alberta canada |
| topic | Pharmacists Drug Prescriptions Prescription Drugs Pharmaceutical Services Professional Role Validation Studies as Topic Psychometrics Surveys and Questionnaires Canada |
| url | https://www.pharmacypractice.org/journal/index.php/pp/article/view/1068/601 |
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