Infections, inflammation, and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: the neglected role of “co-infection”
Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) have multiple etiological factors, mainly genetic background, environmental conditions and immunological factors. The host immune responses play a pivotal role in various physiological and pathophysiological process. In NPDs, inflammatory immune responses have shown...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020324889 |
| _version_ | 1819279035589459968 |
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| author | Amir Abdoli Ali Taghipour Majid Pirestani Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi Abazar Roustazadeh Hamed Mir Hoda Mirzaian Ardakani Azra Kenarkoohi Shahab Falahi Mahdi Karimi |
| author_facet | Amir Abdoli Ali Taghipour Majid Pirestani Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi Abazar Roustazadeh Hamed Mir Hoda Mirzaian Ardakani Azra Kenarkoohi Shahab Falahi Mahdi Karimi |
| author_sort | Amir Abdoli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) have multiple etiological factors, mainly genetic background, environmental conditions and immunological factors. The host immune responses play a pivotal role in various physiological and pathophysiological process. In NPDs, inflammatory immune responses have shown to be involved in diseases severity and treatment outcome. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are involved in various neurobiological pathways, such as GABAergic signaling and neurotransmitter synthesis. Infectious agents are among the major amplifier of inflammatory reactions, hence, have an indirect role in the pathogenesis of NPDs. As such, some infections directly affect the central nervous system (CNS) and alter the genes that involved in neurobiological pathways and NPDs. Interestingly, the most of infectious agents that involved in NPDs (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus) is latent (asymptomatic) and co-or-multiple infection of them are common. Nonetheless, the role of co-or-multiple infection in the pathogenesis of NPDs has not deeply investigated. Evidences indicate that co-or-multiple infection synergically augment the level of inflammatory reactions and have more severe outcomes than single infection. Hence, it is plausible that co-or-multiple infections can increase the risk and/or pathogenesis of NPDs. Further understanding about the role of co-or-multiple infections can offer new insights about the etiology, treatment and prevention of NPDs. Likewise, therapy based on anti-infective and anti-inflammatory agents could be a promising therapeutic option as an adjuvant for treatment of NPDs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-24T00:21:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-fa0ff593a1ff45e29a716eb774b94fec |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-24T00:21:30Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-fa0ff593a1ff45e29a716eb774b94fec2022-12-21T17:24:35ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402020-12-01612e05645Infections, inflammation, and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: the neglected role of “co-infection”Amir Abdoli0Ali Taghipour1Majid Pirestani2Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi3Abazar Roustazadeh4Hamed Mir5Hoda Mirzaian Ardakani6Azra Kenarkoohi7Shahab Falahi8Mahdi Karimi9Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Corresponding author.Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IranDepartment of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IranResearch Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IranDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IranZoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IranCellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Advances Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranNeuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) have multiple etiological factors, mainly genetic background, environmental conditions and immunological factors. The host immune responses play a pivotal role in various physiological and pathophysiological process. In NPDs, inflammatory immune responses have shown to be involved in diseases severity and treatment outcome. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are involved in various neurobiological pathways, such as GABAergic signaling and neurotransmitter synthesis. Infectious agents are among the major amplifier of inflammatory reactions, hence, have an indirect role in the pathogenesis of NPDs. As such, some infections directly affect the central nervous system (CNS) and alter the genes that involved in neurobiological pathways and NPDs. Interestingly, the most of infectious agents that involved in NPDs (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus) is latent (asymptomatic) and co-or-multiple infection of them are common. Nonetheless, the role of co-or-multiple infection in the pathogenesis of NPDs has not deeply investigated. Evidences indicate that co-or-multiple infection synergically augment the level of inflammatory reactions and have more severe outcomes than single infection. Hence, it is plausible that co-or-multiple infections can increase the risk and/or pathogenesis of NPDs. Further understanding about the role of co-or-multiple infections can offer new insights about the etiology, treatment and prevention of NPDs. Likewise, therapy based on anti-infective and anti-inflammatory agents could be a promising therapeutic option as an adjuvant for treatment of NPDs.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020324889InfectionInflammationNeuropsychiatric disordersCo-infectionImmunologyMicrobiology |
| spellingShingle | Amir Abdoli Ali Taghipour Majid Pirestani Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi Abazar Roustazadeh Hamed Mir Hoda Mirzaian Ardakani Azra Kenarkoohi Shahab Falahi Mahdi Karimi Infections, inflammation, and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: the neglected role of “co-infection” Heliyon Infection Inflammation Neuropsychiatric disorders Co-infection Immunology Microbiology |
| title | Infections, inflammation, and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: the neglected role of “co-infection” |
| title_full | Infections, inflammation, and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: the neglected role of “co-infection” |
| title_fullStr | Infections, inflammation, and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: the neglected role of “co-infection” |
| title_full_unstemmed | Infections, inflammation, and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: the neglected role of “co-infection” |
| title_short | Infections, inflammation, and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: the neglected role of “co-infection” |
| title_sort | infections inflammation and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders the neglected role of co infection |
| topic | Infection Inflammation Neuropsychiatric disorders Co-infection Immunology Microbiology |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020324889 |
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